Neurotransmitters

Question 1

neurons, which release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

Answer 1

Cholinergic

Question 2

neurons, which release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE), AKA noradrenalin

Answer 2

Adrenergic

Question 3

All sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

Answer 3

Cholinergic neurons

Question 4

All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

Answer 4

Cholinergic neurons

Question 5

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate most sweat glands

Answer 5

Cholinergic neurons

Question 6

Somatic nervous system motor neurons

Answer 6

Cholinergic neurons

Question 7

Cholinergic neurons

Answer 7

All sympathetic and parasympathetic
preganglionic neurons

All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate most sweat glands

Somatic nervous system motor neurons

Question 8

ACh is stored in synaptic vesicles, released by exocytosis, and diffuses across the synaptic cleft to bind with ____ receptors, causing either excitation or inhibition of the postsynaptic cell

Answer 8

cholinergic

Question 9

Sympathetic – most effector tissues

Answer 9

Presynaptic releases Ach, postsynaptic releases NE (to effector)

Question 10

Sympathetic – most sweat glands

Answer 10

Pre- and post-synaptic releases Ach

Question 11

Adrenergic neurons are:

Answer 11

most sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Question 12

NE is stored in synaptic vesicles, released by ___, and diffuses across the synaptic cleft to bind with adrenergic receptors where it causes either excitation or inhibition of the effector cell

Answer 12

exocytosis

Question 13

Slide 9

Answer 13

ok

Question 14

Cholinergic receptors are ___ membrane proteins in the postsynaptic plasma membrane

Answer 14

integral

Question 15

All cholinergic receptors bind

Answer 15

acetylcholine

Question 16

___, named becausE nicotine mimics the action of ACh by binding to this type of receptor

cholinergic

Answer 16

Nicotinic receptors

Question 17

____ receptors, named because a mushroom poison called muscarine binds to them and mimics the action of ACh

cholinergic

Answer 17

Muscarinic

Question 18

Nicotine does not activate muscarinic receptors

Muscarine does not activate nicotinic receptors

Answer 18

Cross-reactivity

Acetylcholine activates both types of cholinergic receptor

Question 19

Since acetylcholine is quickly inactivated by ____, the effects triggered by cholinergic neurons are brief

Answer 19

acetylcholinesterase,

Question 20

Activation of nicotinic receptors by acetylcholine causes ____ (therefore excitation) of the postsynaptic cell:
Excitation of a postganglionic neuron
Excitation of a skeletal muscle fiber

Answer 20

depolarization

Question 21

depolarization

Answer 21

nicotinic

Question 22

Activation of ___receptors by acetylcholine sometimes causes depolarization (excitation) and sometimes causes hyperpolarization (inhibition)

Answer 22

muscarinic

The effect depends on the postsynaptic cell—in some cell types it causes inhibition, and in other cell types it causes excitation:

Question 23

Activation of muscarinic receptors causes DUMBELS syndrome:

This is consistent with the previous slide, which stated:
Binding of ACh to muscarinic receptors of smooth muscle sphincters in the gastrointestinal tract causes them to relax
ACh causes sphincter muscles of the eye to contract

Answer 23

Defecation, Urination, Miosis, Bronchoconstriction, Emesis, Lacrimation, Salivation

Question 24

Slide 16, 17

Answer 24

And 18, too

Question 25

Adrenergic receptors are integral membrane proteins in the ____ plasma membrane

Answer 25

postsynaptic

Question 26

All adrenergic receptors bind both ___

Answer 26

norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 27

Adrenergic receptors are activated by . . .

Answer 27

Norepinephrine released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons Epinephrine and norepinephrine released as hormones into the blood by the adrenal medulla

Question 28

There are two types of adrenergic receptors:

Answer 28

α receptors | β receptors

Question 29

The receptors are further classified into subtypes based on responses they elicit and drugs that activate or block them:

Answer 29

α1 and α2 | β1, β2, and β3

Question 30

Activation of subscript 1 receptors (α1 and β1) is usually ____

Answer 30

excitatory

Question 31

Activation of subscript 2 receptors (α2 and β2) is usually ____

Answer 31

inhibitory

Question 32

__is found only on cells of brown adipose tissue, where activation causes thermogenesis

Answer 32

β3

Question 33

Norepinephrine activity ends when it is either

Answer 33

Taken up by the axon that released it (reuptake) Enzymatically inactivated

Question 34

Norepi can be enzymatically inactivated by?

Answer 34

``` Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Monoamine oxidase (MAO) ```

Question 35

Norepinephrine lingers in the synaptic cleft ___ than does acetylcholine, meaning ...

Answer 35

longer effects triggered by adrenergic neurons usually last longer than effects due to cholinergic neurons

Question 36

substance that binds to a receptor and triggers a response in the cell.

Answer 36

agonist

Question 37

binds to the receptor, but it fails to activate the receptor and actually blocks the receptor from activation by agonists.

Answer 37

antagonist

Question 38

activates a receptor but does not cause as much of a physiological change as does a full agonist.

Answer 38

partial agonist

Question 39

__ receptors are located predominantly in the heart. When adrenalin (norepinephrine and epinephrine released by the adrenal medulla) binds to __ receptors, the heart rate and strength of contraction are increased

Answer 39

β1

Question 40

__ receptors are located in blood vessels of virtually all sympathetic target organs except the heart. When adrenalin (norepinephrine and epinephrine released by the adrenal medulla) binds to __ receptors, blood vessels and visceral organ sphincters constrict (but the pupils of the eye dilate)

Answer 40

α1

Question 41

The balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is called ___

Answer 41

autonomic tone Most body organs receive innervation from both divisions of the ANS The divisions generally work in opposition to each other

Question 42

Autonomic tone is regulated by the ___. Usually when the activity of one division is increased, the activity of the other is decreased

Answer 42

hypothalamus

Question 43

The two divisions affect body organs differently because . . .

Answer 43

The postganglionic neurons release different neurotransmitters Effector organs possess different adrenergic and cholinergic receptors

Question 44

Some structures receive only sympathetic innervation: There is no corresponding parasympathetic innervation in these structures

Answer 44

``` Sweat glands Arrectores pilorum muscles Kidneys Adrenal glands (adrenal medullae) Spleen Blood vessels in general ```

Question 45

``` Sweat glands Arrectores pilorum muscles Kidneys Adrenal glands (adrenal medullae) Spleen Blood vessels in general ```

Answer 45

Structures receive only sympathetic innervation:

Question 46

The sympathetic division dominates the parasympathetic division during physical or emotional stress:

Answer 46

The body preferentially requires functions that support vigorous physical activity and rapid production of ATP It does not need functions that favor the storage of energy

Question 47

The sympathetic division can be thought of as the E division:

Answer 47

Exercise, Excitement, Emergency, Embarrassment

Question 48

Activation of the sympathetic division and release of adrenal medulla hormones initiates a series of effects collectively called the fight or flight response

Answer 48

Pupils dilate Heart rate, force of heart contraction, and blood pressure increase Airways dilate Blood vessels in abdominal viscera (such as kidneys and gastrointestinal tract) constrict Blood vessels in skin constrict (skin becomes pale) Blood flow to skeletal muscles increases Blood glucose level rises as liver cells perform glycogenolysis Gastrointestinal tract movements slow and digestive secretions decrease

Question 49

Pupils dilate Heart rate, contraction, BP increase Airways dilate Abdominal viscera, skin vessels constrict Blood flow to skeletal muscles increases Glycogenolysis increases GI tract movt slows

Answer 49

Sympathetic response

Question 50

Effects of ___ last longer, and are more widespread than parasympathetic stimulation

Answer 50

sympathetic stimulation

Question 51

More extensive divergence of sympathetic postganglionic axons means more tissues are activated ____

Answer 51

simultaneously

Question 52

Acetylcholine is rapidly degraded by acetylcholinesterase. Norepinephrine remains in the ___ longer

Answer 52

synaptic cleft

Question 53

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted into the ___ from the adrenal medulla, intensifying and prolonging responses due to NE released from sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Answer 53

blood

Question 54

Parasympathetic responses are characterized by the acronym SLUDD

Answer 54

``` Salivation Lacrimation Urination Digestion Defecation ```

Question 55

responses that occur when nerve impulses pass over an autonomic reflex arc

Answer 55

Autonomic reflexes Autonomic reflexes are central in regulating conditions in the body

Question 56

The overall components of an autonomic reflex arc are the same as a somatic reflex arc:

Answer 56

``` Sensory receptor Sensory neuron Integrating center Motor neurons Effector ```

Question 57

``` Sensory receptor Sensory neuron Integrating center Motor neurons Effector ```

Answer 57

The overall components of an autonomic reflex arc are the same as a somatic reflex arc

Question 58

The receptor in an autonomic reflex arc is the ___ of a sensory neuron

Answer 58

distal end It responds to a stimulus, and produces a change that will eventually trigger nerve impulses

Question 59

The ___ conducts nerve impulses from receptors to the CNS

Answer 59

sensory neuron

Question 60

____ neurons carry information concerning chemical changes, stretch, and irritation of the viscera

Answer 60

Visceral sensory

Question 61

Cell bodies of visceral sensory neurons are located in the sensory ganglia of associated cranial nerves or in the ____ of the spinal cord

Answer 61

dorsal root ganglia

Question 62

The main integrating centers for most autonomic reflexes are in the____, but some integrating centers are in the spinal cord

Answer 62

hypothalamus and brain stem

Question 63

____ in the CNS relay signals from sensory neurons to motor neurons

Answer 63

Interneurons

Question 64

Efferent impulses from the integrating center propagate out of the CNS along ___ neurons

Answer 64

motor

Question 65

Two motor neurons connect the CNS to the effector (the rule for the ANS):

Answer 65

Preganglionic neuron | Postganglionic neuron

Question 66

Conducts motor impulses from CNS to an autonomic ganglion | Myelinated

Answer 66

Preganglionic neuron

Question 67

Conducts motor impulses from ganglion to effector | Unmyelinated

Answer 67

Postganglionic neuron

Question 68

Effectors in an autonomic reflex are:

Answer 68

Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Glands

Question 69

The major control and integration center of the ANS is the hypothalamus, which . . .

Answer 69

Receives sensory input Provides output to autonomic centers in the brain stem and spinal cord Is connected to both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS

Question 70

Raynaud disease

Answer 70

digits (fingers and toes) become ischemic (lack of blood) after exposure to cold or with emotional stress condition is due to excessive sympathetic stimulation of smooth muscle in the arterioles of the digits

Question 71

anticholinergic drug that blocks parasympathetic effects routinely administered preoperatively to suppress salivation and respiratory system secretions during surgery used by ophthalmologists to dilate the pupils for eye examination (i.e., as a mydriatic agent)

Answer 71

Atropine Atropine is also an antidote for chemical warfare agents that inactivate acetylcholinesterase

Question 72

an anticholinesterase drug. It inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, thus preventing enzymatic breakdown of ACh and allowing it to accumulate in the synapses used to treat myasthenia gravis, a condition in which skeletal muscle activity is impaired for lack of ACh stimulation

Answer 72

Neostigmine

Question 73

inactivates norepinephrine released into synapses of postganglionic sympathetic division neurons

Answer 73

Monoamine oxidase MAO inhibitors help relieve depression because they prolong the activity of norepinephrine on the postsynaptic membrane (NE is frequently classified as a “feel good” neurotransmitter)