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AP B3 > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

neurons, which release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

A

Cholinergic

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2
Q

neurons, which release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE), AKA noradrenalin

A

Adrenergic

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3
Q

All sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

A

Cholinergic neurons

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4
Q

All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

A

Cholinergic neurons

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5
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate most sweat glands

A

Cholinergic neurons

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6
Q

Somatic nervous system motor neurons

A

Cholinergic neurons

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7
Q

Cholinergic neurons

A

All sympathetic and parasympathetic
preganglionic neurons

All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate most sweat glands

Somatic nervous system motor neurons

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8
Q

ACh is stored in synaptic vesicles, released by exocytosis, and diffuses across the synaptic cleft to bind with ____ receptors, causing either excitation or inhibition of the postsynaptic cell

A

cholinergic

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9
Q

Sympathetic – most effector tissues

A

Presynaptic releases Ach, postsynaptic releases NE (to effector)

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10
Q

Sympathetic – most sweat glands

A

Pre- and post-synaptic releases Ach

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11
Q

Adrenergic neurons are:

A

most sympathetic postganglionic neurons

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12
Q

NE is stored in synaptic vesicles, released by ___, and diffuses across the synaptic cleft to bind with adrenergic receptors where it causes either excitation or inhibition of the effector cell

A

exocytosis

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13
Q

Slide 9

A

ok

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14
Q

Cholinergic receptors are ___ membrane proteins in the postsynaptic plasma membrane

A

integral

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15
Q

All cholinergic receptors bind

A

acetylcholine

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16
Q

___, named becausE nicotine mimics the action of ACh by binding to this type of receptor

cholinergic

A

Nicotinic receptors

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17
Q

____ receptors, named because a mushroom poison called muscarine binds to them and mimics the action of ACh

cholinergic

A

Muscarinic

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18
Q

Nicotine does not activate muscarinic receptors

Muscarine does not activate nicotinic receptors

A

Cross-reactivity

Acetylcholine activates both types of cholinergic receptor

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19
Q

Since acetylcholine is quickly inactivated by ____, the effects triggered by cholinergic neurons are brief

A

acetylcholinesterase,

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20
Q

Activation of nicotinic receptors by acetylcholine causes ____ (therefore excitation) of the postsynaptic cell:
Excitation of a postganglionic neuron
Excitation of a skeletal muscle fiber

A

depolarization

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21
Q

depolarization

A

nicotinic

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22
Q

Activation of ___receptors by acetylcholine sometimes causes depolarization (excitation) and sometimes causes hyperpolarization (inhibition)

A

muscarinic

The effect depends on the postsynaptic cell—in some cell types it causes inhibition, and in other cell types it causes excitation:

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23
Q

Activation of muscarinic receptors causes DUMBELS syndrome:

This is consistent with the previous slide, which stated:
Binding of ACh to muscarinic receptors of smooth muscle sphincters in the gastrointestinal tract causes them to relax
ACh causes sphincter muscles of the eye to contract

A

Defecation, Urination, Miosis, Bronchoconstriction, Emesis, Lacrimation, Salivation

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24
Q

Slide 16, 17

A

And 18, too

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25
Q

Adrenergic receptors are integral membrane proteins in the ____ plasma membrane

A

postsynaptic

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26
Q

All adrenergic receptors bind both ___

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine

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27
Q

Adrenergic receptors are activated by . . .

A

Norepinephrine released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Epinephrine and norepinephrine released as hormones into the blood by the adrenal medulla

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28
Q

There are two types of adrenergic receptors:

A

α receptors

β receptors

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29
Q

The receptors are further classified into subtypes based on responses they elicit and drugs that activate or block them:

A

α1 and α2

β1, β2, and β3

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30
Q

Activation of subscript 1 receptors (α1 and β1) is usually ____

A

excitatory

31
Q

Activation of subscript 2 receptors (α2 and β2) is usually ____

A

inhibitory

32
Q

__is found only on cells of brown adipose tissue, where activation causes thermogenesis

A

β3

33
Q

Norepinephrine activity ends when it is either

A

Taken up by the axon that released it (reuptake)

Enzymatically inactivated

34
Q

Norepi can be enzymatically inactivated by?

A 
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) 
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
35
Q

Norepinephrine lingers in the synaptic cleft ___ than does acetylcholine, meaning …

A

longer

effects triggered by adrenergic neurons usually last longer than effects due to cholinergic neurons

36
Q

substance that binds to a receptor and triggers a response in the cell.

A

agonist

37
Q

binds to the receptor, but it fails to activate the receptor and actually blocks the receptor from activation by agonists.

A

antagonist

38
Q

activates a receptor but does not cause as much of a physiological change as does a full agonist.

A

partial agonist

39
Q

__ receptors are located predominantly in the heart. When adrenalin (norepinephrine and epinephrine released by the adrenal medulla) binds to __ receptors, the heart rate and strength of contraction are increased

A

β1

40
Q

__ receptors are located in blood vessels of virtually all sympathetic target organs except the heart. When adrenalin (norepinephrine and epinephrine released by the adrenal medulla) binds to __ receptors, blood vessels and visceral organ sphincters constrict (but the pupils of the eye dilate)

A

α1

41
Q

The balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is called ___

A

autonomic tone

Most body organs receive innervation from both divisions of the ANS

The divisions generally work in opposition to each other

42
Q

Autonomic tone is regulated by the ___. Usually when the activity of one division is increased, the activity of the other is decreased

A

hypothalamus

43
Q

The two divisions affect body organs differently because . . .

A

The postganglionic neurons release different neurotransmitters

Effector organs possess different adrenergic and cholinergic receptors

44
Q

Some structures receive only sympathetic innervation:

There is no corresponding parasympathetic innervation in these structures

A 
Sweat glands 
Arrectores pilorum muscles 
Kidneys 
Adrenal glands (adrenal medullae) 
Spleen 
Blood vessels in general
45
Q 
Sweat glands 
Arrectores pilorum muscles 
Kidneys 
Adrenal glands (adrenal medullae) 
Spleen 
Blood vessels in general
A

Structures receive only sympathetic innervation:

46
Q

The sympathetic division dominates the parasympathetic division during physical or emotional stress:

A

The body preferentially requires functions that support vigorous physical activity and rapid production of ATP

It does not need functions that favor the storage of energy

47
Q

The sympathetic division can be thought of as the E division:

A

Exercise, Excitement, Emergency, Embarrassment

48
Q

Activation of the sympathetic division and release of adrenal medulla hormones initiates a series of effects collectively called the fight or flight response

A

Pupils dilate

Heart rate, force of heart contraction, and blood pressure increase

Airways dilate

Blood vessels in abdominal viscera (such as kidneys and gastrointestinal tract) constrict

Blood vessels in skin constrict (skin becomes pale)

Blood flow to skeletal muscles increases

Blood glucose level rises as liver cells perform glycogenolysis

Gastrointestinal tract movements slow and digestive secretions decrease

49
Q

Pupils dilate

Heart rate, contraction, BP increase

Airways dilate

Abdominal viscera, skin vessels constrict

Blood flow to skeletal muscles increases

Glycogenolysis increases

GI tract movt slows

A

Sympathetic response

50
Q

Effects of ___ last longer, and are more widespread than parasympathetic stimulation

A

sympathetic stimulation

51
Q

More extensive divergence of sympathetic postganglionic axons means more tissues are activated ____

A

simultaneously

52
Q

Acetylcholine is rapidly degraded by acetylcholinesterase. Norepinephrine remains in the ___ longer

A

synaptic cleft

53
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted into the ___ from the adrenal medulla, intensifying and prolonging responses due to NE released from sympathetic postganglionic neurons

A

blood

54
Q

Parasympathetic responses are characterized by the acronym SLUDD

A 
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Digestion
Defecation
55
Q

responses that occur when nerve impulses pass over an autonomic reflex arc

A

Autonomic reflexes

Autonomic reflexes are central in regulating conditions in the body

56
Q

The overall components of an autonomic reflex arc are the same as a somatic reflex arc:

A 
Sensory receptor
Sensory neuron
Integrating center
Motor neurons
Effector
57
Q 
Sensory receptor
Sensory neuron
Integrating center
Motor neurons
Effector
A

The overall components of an autonomic reflex arc are the same as a somatic reflex arc

58
Q

The receptor in an autonomic reflex arc is the ___ of a sensory neuron

A

distal end

It responds to a stimulus, and produces a change that will eventually trigger nerve impulses

59
Q

The ___ conducts nerve impulses from receptors to the CNS

A

sensory neuron

60
Q

____ neurons carry information concerning chemical changes, stretch, and irritation of the viscera

A

Visceral sensory

61
Q

Cell bodies of visceral sensory neurons are located in the sensory ganglia of associated cranial nerves or in the ____ of the spinal cord

A

dorsal root ganglia

62
Q

The main integrating centers for most autonomic reflexes are in the____, but some integrating centers are in the spinal cord

A

hypothalamus and brain stem

63
Q

____ in the CNS relay signals from sensory neurons to motor neurons

A

Interneurons

64
Q

Efferent impulses from the integrating center propagate out of the CNS along ___ neurons

A

motor

65
Q

Two motor neurons connect the CNS to the effector (the rule for the ANS):

A

Preganglionic neuron

Postganglionic neuron

66
Q

Conducts motor impulses from CNS to an autonomic ganglion

Myelinated

A

Preganglionic neuron

67
Q

Conducts motor impulses from ganglion to effector

Unmyelinated

A

Postganglionic neuron

68
Q

Effectors in an autonomic reflex are:

A

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands

69
Q

The major control and integration center of the ANS is the hypothalamus, which . . .

A

Receives sensory input

Provides output to autonomic centers in the brain stem and spinal cord

Is connected to both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS

70
Q

Raynaud disease

A

digits (fingers and toes) become ischemic (lack of blood) after exposure to cold or with emotional stress

condition is due to excessive sympathetic stimulation of smooth muscle in the arterioles of the digits

71
Q

anticholinergic drug that blocks parasympathetic effects

routinely administered preoperatively to suppress salivation and respiratory system secretions during surgery

used by ophthalmologists to dilate the pupils for eye examination (i.e., as a mydriatic agent)

A

Atropine

Atropine is also an antidote for chemical warfare agents that inactivate acetylcholinesterase

72
Q

an anticholinesterase drug. It inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, thus preventing enzymatic breakdown of ACh and allowing it to accumulate in the synapses

used to treat myasthenia gravis, a condition in which skeletal muscle activity is impaired for lack of ACh stimulation

A

Neostigmine

73
Q

inactivates norepinephrine released into synapses of postganglionic sympathetic division neurons

A

Monoamine oxidase

MAO inhibitors help relieve depression because they prolong the activity of norepinephrine on the postsynaptic membrane (NE is frequently classified as a “feel good” neurotransmitter)

AP B3 (6 decks)

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