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AP B3 > Brain - Cerebrum > Flashcards

Brain - Cerebrum Flashcards

1
Q

The ___ is an outer rim of grey matter containing billions of neurons

A

cerebral cortex

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2
Q

Deep to the cortex is cerebral ____

A

white matter

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3
Q

There are also gray matter ___ deep within the white matter

A

nuclei

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4
Q

Each fold is a ___

A

gyrus

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5
Q

A ____ is a shallow groove between gyri

A

sulcus

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6
Q

Deeper grooves between gyri are

A

fissures

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7
Q

The longitudinal fissure is the most prominent, separating the ___ into right and left hemispheres

A

cerebrum

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8
Q

The gyri and fissures are formed during embryonic development when the ___ matter of the cortex enlarges faster than the deeper white matter

A

gray

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9
Q

Each hemisphere functions virtually independently from the other, being separated by the longitudinal fissure.

They communicate by means of a commissure called the

A

corpus callosum

the largest fiber bundle in the brain

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10
Q

The central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the ___

A

parietal lobe

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11
Q

The lateral cerebral sulcus separates the frontal and ___ lobes

A

temporal

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12
Q

The ___ sulcus separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

A

parieto-occipital

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13
Q

contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the SAME hemisphere

A

Association tracts

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14
Q

contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other hemisphere. The corpus callosum is an example

A

Commissural tracts

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15
Q

contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS (such as thalamus, brainstem, or spinal cord), or from lower parts of the CNS to the cerebrum. The internal capsule is an example

A

Projection tracts

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16
Q

The ___ is composed of three nuclei deep within each cerebral hemisphere

A

basal ganglia

corpus striatum

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17
Q

Globus palllidus
Putamen

nucleus?

A

Lentiform nucleus

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18
Q

Lentiform nucleus + caudate nucleus =

A

corpus striatum

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19
Q

corpus striatum

A

Globus pallidus
Putamen
Caudate nucleus

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20
Q

The caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia and the thalamus are separated from the ____ of the basal ganglia by the internal capsule, a thick band of white matter lateral to the thalamus. The lentiform nucleus consists of the putamen and the globus pallidus

A

lentiform nucleus

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21
Q

The basal ganglia help regulate initiation and termination of ____, and control inconscient (unconscious) contractions of skeletal muscles, and muscle tone

A

movements

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22
Q

It is thought that the basal ganglia are also involved in _____, the decision of which of several possible behaviors to execute at a given time

A

action selection

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23
Q

The basal ganglia play a role in movement disorders, most notably…

A

Parkinson disease, in which melanin-pigmented dopamine-producing neurons of the basal ganglia degenerate

Huntington’s disease which primarily involves damage to the corpus striatum

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24
Q

Damage to the ___ results in uncontrollable shaking (tremor), muscular rigidity (stiffness), and involuntary muscle movements

A

basal ganglia

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25
Q

Basal ganglia damage has also been found in persons who have . . .

A

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

ADHD

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26
Q

The ____ is our emotional, or affective (feelings) brain. It is sometimes called the “emotional brain” because it plays a primary role in a range of emotions: pain, pleasure, docility, affection, and anger

A

limbic system

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27
Q

Limbic system cerebral structures encircle the upper part of the ____

A

brain stem

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28
Q

Hippocampus

Amygdala

Limbic lobe

Dentate gyrus

(five others, next card)

A

Main components of the limbic system are

only know the ones he specifically mentions in slides

29
Q

Cingulate gyrus

Mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus

Anterior and medial nuclei of the thalamus

Olfactory bulbs

Fornix

(four others, other card)

A

Main components of the limbic system are

30
Q

____ plays an important part in converting new information into long-term memories

A

hippocampus

limbic

31
Q

____ are also involved in behavioral patterns such as docile behavior, rage, presence or absence of fear and aggression, and restlessness

A

amygdala (amygdaloid nuclei)

limbic

32
Q

____ synapse with the olfactory receptors, and the mammillary bodies are olfactory relay stations

A

Olfactory bulbs

limbic

33
Q

involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory

coordinates sensory input with emotions, regulates aggressive behavior, and mediates emotional responses to pain

A

Cingulate gyrus (lies immediately superior to the corpus callosum)

limbic

34
Q

a band of nerve fibers extending from the hippocampus to the mamillary body of the hypothalamus, forming an arch over the thalamus

A

fornix

35
Q

carries signals from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus, including transfer of information from the mammillary bodies (of the limbic system) to the hippocampus

A

fornix

36
Q

hippocampus is critical for the formation of new ____ and fact memories in that it functions as a memory “gateway” through which new memories must pass before entering permanent storage in the brain

A

autobiographical

37
Q

Hippocampal damage can result in ____, which is the loss of ability to form new memories, although older memories may be safe. Someone who sustains an injury to the hippocampus may have good memory of childhood and the years before the injury, but relatively little memory of anything that happened since

A

anterograde amnesia

38
Q

the “executive suite” of the nervous system, enabling us to communicate, perceive, remember, understand, appreciate, and to initiate voluntary movements. It is therefore the seat of consciousness

A

cerebral cortex

39
Q

composed only of gray matter—neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons—plus associated glia and blood vessels; there are no fiber tracts

A

cerebral cortex

40
Q

Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with the sensory and motor functions of the ____ side of the body

(cerebral cortex)

A

contralateral

41
Q

The two hemispheres are mostly symmetrical in structure, but are not totally equal in function. There is ____ (specialization) of cortical function

(cerebral cortex)

A

lateralization

No functional area of the cortex acts alone. Conscious behavior involves the entire cortex in one way or another

42
Q

Sensory areas receive and interpret sensory impulses

Motor areas initiate movements

Association areas communicate (associate) with the motor cortex and other association areas to analyze, recognize, and act on sensory inputs

A

General areas of cerebral cortex

43
Q

____ receive nerve impulses from sensory neurons without prior filtering or analysis

(cerebral cortex)

A

Primary sensory areas

44
Q

____ are the originators of voluntary muscular contractions

cerebral cortex

A

Primary motor areas

45
Q

___, as a general principle, include cortical areas that do not have the word primary in their name (i.e. secondary sensory, sensory association). They receive input from primary areas and other brain regions, and integrate sensory experiences to generate meaningful patterns of recognition and awareness.

(cerebral cortex)

A

Association areas

46
Q

gray matter, think

A

cerebral cortex

47
Q

Planning and production of speech occurs

A

Broca’s speech area

48
Q

Nerve impulses from ____ then pass to premotor regions that control muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and mouth, as well as to muscles that control breathing for air flow over the vocal cords

A

Broca’s area

49
Q

Interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words

A

Wernicke’s area

50
Q

Areas 44 and 45 in the frontal lobe

A

Broca’s area

51
Q

Area 22, possibly 39 and 40, is a broad region in the temporal and parietal lobes

A

Wernicke’s area

52
Q

inability to use or to comprehend words

A

Aphasia

53
Q

The left cerebral hemisphere of most people, regardless of whether they are right or left handed, contains the language areas (Broca’s speech area, Wernicke’s area, and other language areas)

A

Aphasia

54
Q

Damage to Broca’s speech area results in ____, an inability to properly articulate or form words. People with non-fluent aphasia know what they want to say, but can not speak

A

non-fluent aphasia

55
Q

Damage to Wernicke’s area results in ___ aphasia, characterized by faulty understanding of spoken or written words

A

fluent

People with fluent aphasia may produce strings of perfectly good words that have no combined meaning (“word salad”)

Persons with fluent aphasia may exhibit word deafness (inability to understand spoken words), word blindness (inability to understand written words), or both

56
Q

This functional (and perhaps associated anatomical) asymmetry is termed hemispheric lateralization

A

In about 90% of the population the left hemisphere has greater control over language abilities, mathematical abilities, and logic
The other hemisphere (usually the right) is more involved in visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, and appreciation of art and music

57
Q

Loss of neurons that liberate acetylcholine; destruction of neurons of the nucleus basalis is the hallmark of _____
Beta-amyloid plaques, clusters of abnormal proteins deposited outside neurons
Neurofibrillary tangles, abnormal bundles of protein filaments inside neurons in affected brain regions

A

Alzheimer disease

58
Q

A brain injury characterized by an abrupt but temporary loss of consciousness (seconds to hours), disturbances of vision, and problems with equilibrium, caused by a blow to the head or the sudden stopping of a moving head; the most common brain injury

A

Concussion

59
Q

Bruising of the brain due to trauma, usually associated with a concussion; includes leakage of blood from microscopic blood vessels

A

Contusion

60
Q

Charged molecules with an unpaired valence electron

A

Free radical(s).

61
Q

Localized pool of blood, usually clotted

A

Hematoma

62
Q

Oxygen deprivation

A

Hypoxia

63
Q

Localized reduction of blood flow

A

Ischemia

64
Q

. A tear of the brain; results in rupture of large blood vessels, with bleeding into the brain and subarachnoid space

A

Laceration

65
Q

Pathologic death of living tissue

A

Necrosis / necrotic

66
Q

Loss of brain function characterized by abrupt onset of neurological symptoms such as paralysis or loss of sensation, due to destruction of brain tissue, commonly caused by intracerebral hemorrhage, emboli, and atherosclerosis of the cerebral arteries; also called a stroke

A

Cerebrovascular accident

67
Q

Episode of temporary cerebral dysfunction caused by impaired blood flow to the brain

A

Transient Ischemic attack (TIA).

68
Q

Abnormal growth of tissue in the brain; may be malignant or benign

A

Brain tumor

69
Q

Learning disorder characterized by poor or short attention span, consistent level of hyperactivity, and age inappropriate impulsiveness

A

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

AP B3 (6 decks)

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