Brain - Cerebrum

Question 1

The ___ is an outer rim of grey matter containing billions of neurons

Answer 1

cerebral cortex

Question 2

Deep to the cortex is cerebral ____

Answer 2

white matter

Question 3

There are also gray matter ___ deep within the white matter

Answer 3

nuclei

Question 4

Each fold is a ___

Answer 4

gyrus

Question 5

A ____ is a shallow groove between gyri

Answer 5

sulcus

Question 6

Deeper grooves between gyri are

Answer 6

fissures

Question 7

The longitudinal fissure is the most prominent, separating the ___ into right and left hemispheres

Answer 7

cerebrum

Question 8

The gyri and fissures are formed during embryonic development when the ___ matter of the cortex enlarges faster than the deeper white matter

Answer 8

gray

Question 9

Each hemisphere functions virtually independently from the other, being separated by the longitudinal fissure.

They communicate by means of a commissure called the

Answer 9

corpus callosum

the largest fiber bundle in the brain

Question 10

The central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the ___

Answer 10

parietal lobe

Question 11

The lateral cerebral sulcus separates the frontal and ___ lobes

Answer 11

temporal

Question 12

The ___ sulcus separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

Answer 12

parieto-occipital

Question 13

contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the SAME hemisphere

Answer 13

Association tracts

Question 14

contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other hemisphere. The corpus callosum is an example

Answer 14

Commissural tracts

Question 15

contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS (such as thalamus, brainstem, or spinal cord), or from lower parts of the CNS to the cerebrum. The internal capsule is an example

Answer 15

Projection tracts

Question 16

The ___ is composed of three nuclei deep within each cerebral hemisphere

Answer 16

basal ganglia

corpus striatum

Question 17

Globus palllidus
Putamen

nucleus?

Answer 17

Lentiform nucleus

Question 18

Lentiform nucleus + caudate nucleus =

Answer 18

corpus striatum

Question 19

corpus striatum

Answer 19

Globus pallidus
Putamen
Caudate nucleus

Question 20

The caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia and the thalamus are separated from the ____ of the basal ganglia by the internal capsule, a thick band of white matter lateral to the thalamus. The lentiform nucleus consists of the putamen and the globus pallidus

Answer 20

lentiform nucleus

Question 21

The basal ganglia help regulate initiation and termination of ____, and control inconscient (unconscious) contractions of skeletal muscles, and muscle tone

Answer 21

movements

Question 22

It is thought that the basal ganglia are also involved in _____, the decision of which of several possible behaviors to execute at a given time

Answer 22

action selection

Question 23

The basal ganglia play a role in movement disorders, most notably…

Answer 23

Parkinson disease, in which melanin-pigmented dopamine-producing neurons of the basal ganglia degenerate

Huntington’s disease which primarily involves damage to the corpus striatum

Question 24

Damage to the ___ results in uncontrollable shaking (tremor), muscular rigidity (stiffness), and involuntary muscle movements

Answer 24

basal ganglia

Question 25

Basal ganglia damage has also been found in persons who have . . .

Answer 25

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder | ADHD

Question 26

The ____ is our emotional, or affective (feelings) brain. It is sometimes called the “emotional brain” because it plays a primary role in a range of emotions: pain, pleasure, docility, affection, and anger

Answer 26

limbic system

Question 27

Limbic system cerebral structures encircle the upper part of the ____

Answer 27

brain stem

Question 28

Hippocampus Amygdala Limbic lobe Dentate gyrus (five others, next card)

Answer 28

Main components of the limbic system are | only know the ones he specifically mentions in slides

Question 29

Cingulate gyrus Mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus Anterior and medial nuclei of the thalamus Olfactory bulbs Fornix (four others, other card)

Answer 29

Main components of the limbic system are

Question 30

____ plays an important part in converting new information into long-term memories

Answer 30

hippocampus limbic

Question 31

____ are also involved in behavioral patterns such as docile behavior, rage, presence or absence of fear and aggression, and restlessness

Answer 31

amygdala (amygdaloid nuclei) limbic

Question 32

____ synapse with the olfactory receptors, and the mammillary bodies are olfactory relay stations

Answer 32

Olfactory bulbs limbic

Question 33

involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory coordinates sensory input with emotions, regulates aggressive behavior, and mediates emotional responses to pain

Answer 33

Cingulate gyrus (lies immediately superior to the corpus callosum) limbic

Question 34

a band of nerve fibers extending from the hippocampus to the mamillary body of the hypothalamus, forming an arch over the thalamus

Answer 34

fornix

Question 35

carries signals from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus, including transfer of information from the mammillary bodies (of the limbic system) to the hippocampus

Answer 35

fornix

Question 36

hippocampus is critical for the formation of new ____ and fact memories in that it functions as a memory "gateway" through which new memories must pass before entering permanent storage in the brain

Answer 36

autobiographical

Question 37

Hippocampal damage can result in ____, which is the loss of ability to form new memories, although older memories may be safe. Someone who sustains an injury to the hippocampus may have good memory of childhood and the years before the injury, but relatively little memory of anything that happened since

Answer 37

anterograde amnesia

Question 38

the “executive suite” of the nervous system, enabling us to communicate, perceive, remember, understand, appreciate, and to initiate voluntary movements. It is therefore the seat of consciousness

Answer 38

cerebral cortex

Question 39

composed only of gray matter—neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons—plus associated glia and blood vessels; there are no fiber tracts

Answer 39

cerebral cortex

Question 40

Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with the sensory and motor functions of the ____ side of the body (cerebral cortex)

Answer 40

contralateral

Question 41

The two hemispheres are mostly symmetrical in structure, but are not totally equal in function. There is ____ (specialization) of cortical function (cerebral cortex)

Answer 41

lateralization No functional area of the cortex acts alone. Conscious behavior involves the entire cortex in one way or another

Question 42

Sensory areas receive and interpret sensory impulses Motor areas initiate movements Association areas communicate (associate) with the motor cortex and other association areas to analyze, recognize, and act on sensory inputs

Answer 42

General areas of cerebral cortex

Question 43

____ receive nerve impulses from sensory neurons without prior filtering or analysis (cerebral cortex)

Answer 43

Primary sensory areas

Question 44

____ are the originators of voluntary muscular contractions | cerebral cortex

Answer 44

Primary motor areas

Question 45

___, as a general principle, include cortical areas that do not have the word primary in their name (i.e. secondary sensory, sensory association). They receive input from primary areas and other brain regions, and integrate sensory experiences to generate meaningful patterns of recognition and awareness. (cerebral cortex)

Answer 45

Association areas

Question 46

gray matter, think

Answer 46

cerebral cortex

Question 47

Planning and production of speech occurs

Answer 47

Broca's speech area

Question 48

Nerve impulses from ____ then pass to premotor regions that control muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and mouth, as well as to muscles that control breathing for air flow over the vocal cords

Answer 48

Broca's area

Question 49

Interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words

Answer 49

Wernicke's area

Question 50

Areas 44 and 45 in the frontal lobe

Answer 50

Broca's area

Question 51

Area 22, possibly 39 and 40, is a broad region in the temporal and parietal lobes

Answer 51

Wernicke’s area

Question 52

inability to use or to comprehend words

Answer 52

Aphasia

Question 53

The left cerebral hemisphere of most people, regardless of whether they are right or left handed, contains the language areas (Broca’s speech area, Wernicke’s area, and other language areas)

Answer 53

Aphasia

Question 54

Damage to Broca’s speech area results in ____, an inability to properly articulate or form words. People with non-fluent aphasia know what they want to say, but can not speak

Answer 54

non-fluent aphasia

Question 55

Damage to Wernicke’s area results in ___ aphasia, characterized by faulty understanding of spoken or written words

Answer 55

fluent People with fluent aphasia may produce strings of perfectly good words that have no combined meaning (“word salad”) Persons with fluent aphasia may exhibit word deafness (inability to understand spoken words), word blindness (inability to understand written words), or both

Question 56

This functional (and perhaps associated anatomical) asymmetry is termed hemispheric lateralization

Answer 56

In about 90% of the population the left hemisphere has greater control over language abilities, mathematical abilities, and logic The other hemisphere (usually the right) is more involved in visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, and appreciation of art and music

Question 57

Loss of neurons that liberate acetylcholine; destruction of neurons of the nucleus basalis is the hallmark of _____ Beta-amyloid plaques, clusters of abnormal proteins deposited outside neurons Neurofibrillary tangles, abnormal bundles of protein filaments inside neurons in affected brain regions

Answer 57

Alzheimer disease

Question 58

A brain injury characterized by an abrupt but temporary loss of consciousness (seconds to hours), disturbances of vision, and problems with equilibrium, caused by a blow to the head or the sudden stopping of a moving head; the most common brain injury

Answer 58

Concussion

Question 59

Bruising of the brain due to trauma, usually associated with a concussion; includes leakage of blood from microscopic blood vessels

Answer 59

Contusion

Question 60

Charged molecules with an unpaired valence electron

Answer 60

Free radical(s).

Question 61

Localized pool of blood, usually clotted

Answer 61

Hematoma

Question 62

Oxygen deprivation

Answer 62

Hypoxia

Question 63

Localized reduction of blood flow

Answer 63

Ischemia

Question 64

. A tear of the brain; results in rupture of large blood vessels, with bleeding into the brain and subarachnoid space

Answer 64

Laceration

Question 65

Pathologic death of living tissue

Answer 65

Necrosis / necrotic

Question 66

Loss of brain function characterized by abrupt onset of neurological symptoms such as paralysis or loss of sensation, due to destruction of brain tissue, commonly caused by intracerebral hemorrhage, emboli, and atherosclerosis of the cerebral arteries; also called a stroke

Answer 66

Cerebrovascular accident

Question 67

Episode of temporary cerebral dysfunction caused by impaired blood flow to the brain

Answer 67

Transient Ischemic attack (TIA).

Question 68

Abnormal growth of tissue in the brain; may be malignant or benign

Answer 68

Brain tumor

Question 69

Learning disorder characterized by poor or short attention span, consistent level of hyperactivity, and age inappropriate impulsiveness

Answer 69

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder