Brain - Cerebrum Flashcards
The ___ is an outer rim of grey matter containing billions of neurons
cerebral cortex
Deep to the cortex is cerebral ____
white matter
There are also gray matter ___ deep within the white matter
nuclei
Each fold is a ___
gyrus
A ____ is a shallow groove between gyri
sulcus
Deeper grooves between gyri are
fissures
The longitudinal fissure is the most prominent, separating the ___ into right and left hemispheres
cerebrum
The gyri and fissures are formed during embryonic development when the ___ matter of the cortex enlarges faster than the deeper white matter
gray
Each hemisphere functions virtually independently from the other, being separated by the longitudinal fissure.
They communicate by means of a commissure called the
corpus callosum
the largest fiber bundle in the brain
The central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the ___
parietal lobe
The lateral cerebral sulcus separates the frontal and ___ lobes
temporal
The ___ sulcus separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe
parieto-occipital
contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the SAME hemisphere
Association tracts
contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other hemisphere. The corpus callosum is an example
Commissural tracts
contain myelinated axons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS (such as thalamus, brainstem, or spinal cord), or from lower parts of the CNS to the cerebrum. The internal capsule is an example
Projection tracts
The ___ is composed of three nuclei deep within each cerebral hemisphere
basal ganglia
corpus striatum
Globus palllidus
Putamen
nucleus?
Lentiform nucleus
Lentiform nucleus + caudate nucleus =
corpus striatum
corpus striatum
Globus pallidus
Putamen
Caudate nucleus
The caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia and the thalamus are separated from the ____ of the basal ganglia by the internal capsule, a thick band of white matter lateral to the thalamus. The lentiform nucleus consists of the putamen and the globus pallidus
lentiform nucleus
The basal ganglia help regulate initiation and termination of ____, and control inconscient (unconscious) contractions of skeletal muscles, and muscle tone
movements
It is thought that the basal ganglia are also involved in _____, the decision of which of several possible behaviors to execute at a given time
action selection
The basal ganglia play a role in movement disorders, most notably…
Parkinson disease, in which melanin-pigmented dopamine-producing neurons of the basal ganglia degenerate
Huntington’s disease which primarily involves damage to the corpus striatum
Damage to the ___ results in uncontrollable shaking (tremor), muscular rigidity (stiffness), and involuntary muscle movements
basal ganglia
Basal ganglia damage has also been found in persons who have . . .
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
ADHD
The ____ is our emotional, or affective (feelings) brain. It is sometimes called the “emotional brain” because it plays a primary role in a range of emotions: pain, pleasure, docility, affection, and anger
limbic system
Limbic system cerebral structures encircle the upper part of the ____
brain stem
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Limbic lobe
Dentate gyrus
(five others, next card)
Main components of the limbic system are
only know the ones he specifically mentions in slides
Cingulate gyrus
Mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus
Anterior and medial nuclei of the thalamus
Olfactory bulbs
Fornix
(four others, other card)
Main components of the limbic system are
____ plays an important part in converting new information into long-term memories
hippocampus
limbic
____ are also involved in behavioral patterns such as docile behavior, rage, presence or absence of fear and aggression, and restlessness
amygdala (amygdaloid nuclei)
limbic
____ synapse with the olfactory receptors, and the mammillary bodies are olfactory relay stations
Olfactory bulbs
limbic
involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory
coordinates sensory input with emotions, regulates aggressive behavior, and mediates emotional responses to pain
Cingulate gyrus (lies immediately superior to the corpus callosum)
limbic
a band of nerve fibers extending from the hippocampus to the mamillary body of the hypothalamus, forming an arch over the thalamus
fornix
carries signals from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus, including transfer of information from the mammillary bodies (of the limbic system) to the hippocampus
fornix
hippocampus is critical for the formation of new ____ and fact memories in that it functions as a memory “gateway” through which new memories must pass before entering permanent storage in the brain
autobiographical
Hippocampal damage can result in ____, which is the loss of ability to form new memories, although older memories may be safe. Someone who sustains an injury to the hippocampus may have good memory of childhood and the years before the injury, but relatively little memory of anything that happened since
anterograde amnesia
the “executive suite” of the nervous system, enabling us to communicate, perceive, remember, understand, appreciate, and to initiate voluntary movements. It is therefore the seat of consciousness
cerebral cortex
composed only of gray matter—neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons—plus associated glia and blood vessels; there are no fiber tracts
cerebral cortex
Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with the sensory and motor functions of the ____ side of the body
(cerebral cortex)
contralateral
The two hemispheres are mostly symmetrical in structure, but are not totally equal in function. There is ____ (specialization) of cortical function
(cerebral cortex)
lateralization
No functional area of the cortex acts alone. Conscious behavior involves the entire cortex in one way or another
Sensory areas receive and interpret sensory impulses
Motor areas initiate movements
Association areas communicate (associate) with the motor cortex and other association areas to analyze, recognize, and act on sensory inputs
General areas of cerebral cortex
____ receive nerve impulses from sensory neurons without prior filtering or analysis
(cerebral cortex)
Primary sensory areas
____ are the originators of voluntary muscular contractions
cerebral cortex
Primary motor areas
___, as a general principle, include cortical areas that do not have the word primary in their name (i.e. secondary sensory, sensory association). They receive input from primary areas and other brain regions, and integrate sensory experiences to generate meaningful patterns of recognition and awareness.
(cerebral cortex)
Association areas
gray matter, think
cerebral cortex
Planning and production of speech occurs
Broca’s speech area
Nerve impulses from ____ then pass to premotor regions that control muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and mouth, as well as to muscles that control breathing for air flow over the vocal cords
Broca’s area
Interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words
Wernicke’s area
Areas 44 and 45 in the frontal lobe
Broca’s area
Area 22, possibly 39 and 40, is a broad region in the temporal and parietal lobes
Wernicke’s area
inability to use or to comprehend words
Aphasia
The left cerebral hemisphere of most people, regardless of whether they are right or left handed, contains the language areas (Broca’s speech area, Wernicke’s area, and other language areas)
Aphasia
Damage to Broca’s speech area results in ____, an inability to properly articulate or form words. People with non-fluent aphasia know what they want to say, but can not speak
non-fluent aphasia
Damage to Wernicke’s area results in ___ aphasia, characterized by faulty understanding of spoken or written words
fluent
People with fluent aphasia may produce strings of perfectly good words that have no combined meaning (“word salad”)
Persons with fluent aphasia may exhibit word deafness (inability to understand spoken words), word blindness (inability to understand written words), or both
This functional (and perhaps associated anatomical) asymmetry is termed hemispheric lateralization
In about 90% of the population the left hemisphere has greater control over language abilities, mathematical abilities, and logic
The other hemisphere (usually the right) is more involved in visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, and appreciation of art and music
Loss of neurons that liberate acetylcholine; destruction of neurons of the nucleus basalis is the hallmark of _____
Beta-amyloid plaques, clusters of abnormal proteins deposited outside neurons
Neurofibrillary tangles, abnormal bundles of protein filaments inside neurons in affected brain regions
Alzheimer disease
A brain injury characterized by an abrupt but temporary loss of consciousness (seconds to hours), disturbances of vision, and problems with equilibrium, caused by a blow to the head or the sudden stopping of a moving head; the most common brain injury
Concussion
Bruising of the brain due to trauma, usually associated with a concussion; includes leakage of blood from microscopic blood vessels
Contusion
Charged molecules with an unpaired valence electron
Free radical(s).
Localized pool of blood, usually clotted
Hematoma
Oxygen deprivation
Hypoxia
Localized reduction of blood flow
Ischemia
. A tear of the brain; results in rupture of large blood vessels, with bleeding into the brain and subarachnoid space
Laceration
Pathologic death of living tissue
Necrosis / necrotic
Loss of brain function characterized by abrupt onset of neurological symptoms such as paralysis or loss of sensation, due to destruction of brain tissue, commonly caused by intracerebral hemorrhage, emboli, and atherosclerosis of the cerebral arteries; also called a stroke
Cerebrovascular accident
Episode of temporary cerebral dysfunction caused by impaired blood flow to the brain
Transient Ischemic attack (TIA).
Abnormal growth of tissue in the brain; may be malignant or benign
Brain tumor
Learning disorder characterized by poor or short attention span, consistent level of hyperactivity, and age inappropriate impulsiveness
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
