Neurotransmitters

Question 0

Neuromodulators

Answer 0

• if they diffuse over long distances, affecting many cells, not necessarily triggering firing but ALTERING LIKELIHOOD

Question 1

Neurotransmitters

Answer 1

• if impact nearby neurons

Question 2

Hormones

Answer 2

same chemicals as Neuromodulators but called hormones when found circulating the bloodstream

Question 3

Acetylcholine

Answer 3

• ACh
• important NT in PNS
• e.g. muscle movement (contraction)
• also throughout brain for AROUSAL
• EXCITATORY
• released by the basal forebrain
• memory, recall, arousal throughout the cortex

Question 4

GABA

Answer 4

• most abundant INHIBITORY NT (Opens Cl- gates)
• suppresses cortical activity
• regulates anxiety, relaxes the brain

Question 5

Glutamate

Answer 5

• most abundant EXCITATORY NT
• opens Na+ gates
• Roles in perception, memory, schizophrenia

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Question 6

Serotonin

Answer 6

• 5-HT

- many different kinds, involved in sleep, mood regulation

Question 7

The Catecholamines

Answer 7

• Dopamine (DA), Norepinepherine (NE) & Epinepherine
• involved in arousal, depression, reinforcement, motor control
• often act as Neuromodulators
• Substance P
• Endorphins

Question 8

Substance P

Answer 8

a peptide (complex protein) released from Pain receptors

Question 9

Endorphins

Answer 9

a peptide w/opiate effects

i.e. pain suppression, reinforcement

produced in “runner’s high”

“Endorphin” = “Endogenous Morphine”

Question 10

Hormones

Answer 10

e.g. Testosterone, Estrogen, Oxytocin, Insulin, Cortisol, Epinepherine (Adrenalin) etc.

released by brain cells or glands, act as NTs, NMs, or circulate in blood,

affect Neurons, Muscles, Organs

Question 11

Same NTs can have VERY DIFFERENT…..

Answer 11

…. physiological and behavioral EFFECTS in different parts of the brain/body