Neurotransmitters

Question 1

Excitatory neurotransmitters

Answer 1

Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Histamine
Glutamate

Question 2

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

Answer 2

Serotonin
GABA
Dopamine
(Acetylcholine)

Question 3

Neuromodulators

Answer 3

Dopamine
Acetylcholine
Histamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin

Question 4

excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons that innervate muscle cells, basal ganglia, preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system, and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

Answer 4

Acetylcholine

Question 5

stimulate muscle contraction

Answer 5

Acetylcholine

Question 6

inhibitory neurotransmitter, is at the parasympathetic endings of the vagus nerve. These inhibit the heart muscle through the cardiac plexus.

Answer 6

Acetylcholine

Question 7

plays a vital role in the normal functioning of muscles

Answer 7

Acetylcholine

Question 8

excitatory neurotransmitter produced by the brainstem, hypothalamus, and adrenal glands and released into the bloodstream

Answer 8

Norepinephrine

Question 9

In the body, it is secreted by most postganglionic sympathetic nerves. It acts to stimulate the processes in the body. For example, it is very important in the endogenous production of epinephrine.

Answer 9

Norepinephrine

Question 10

has been implicated in mood disorders such as depression and anxiety, in which case its concentration in the body is abnormally low.

Answer 10

Norepinephrine

Question 11

abnormally high concentration of it may lead to an impaired sleep cycle

Answer 11

Norepinephrine

Question 12

excitatory neurotransmitter produced by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland

Answer 12

Epinephrine

Question 13

when a person is highly stimulated (fear, anger etc.), extra amounts of it are released into the bloodstream

Answer 13

Epinephrine

Question 14

This release increases heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose production from the liver (glycogenolysis). In this way, the nervous and endocrine system prepare the body for dangerous and extreme situations by increasing nutrient supply to key tissues.

Answer 14

Epinephrine

Question 15

neurotransmitter secreted by the neurons of the substantia nigra

Answer 15

Dopamine

Question 16

As a part of the extrapyramidal motor system which involves the basal ganglia, it is important for movement coordination by inhibiting unnecessary movements.

Answer 16

Dopamine

Question 17

In the pituitary gland, it inhibits the release of prolactin, and stimulates the secretion of growth hormone.

Answer 17

Dopamine

Question 18

Drug and alcohol obuse can temporarily increase it levels in the leading to confusion and the inability to focus.

Answer 18

Dopamine

Question 19

appropriate secretion of it in the bloodstream plays a role in the motivation or desire to complete a task

Answer 19

Dopamine

Question 20

most powerful inhibitory neurotransmitter produced by the neurons of the spinal cord, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and many areas of the cerebral cortex. It is derived from glutamate.

Answer 20

GABA

Question 21

Functions of it are closely related to mood and emotions

Answer 21

GABA

Question 22

acts as a brake to excitatory neurotransmitters; thus when it is abnormally low this can lead to anxiety

Answer 22

GABA

Question 23

widely distributed in the brain and plays a principal role in reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system

Answer 23

GABA

Question 24

the most powerful excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system which ensures homeostasis with the effects of GABA

Answer 24

Glutamate

Question 25

secreted by neurons of the many of the sensory pathways entering the central nervous system, as well as the cerebral cortex

Answer 25

Glutamate

Question 26

the most common neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

Answer 26

Glutamate

Question 27

takes part in the regulation of general excitability of the central nervous system, learning processes, and memory

Answer 27

Glutamate

Question 28

inhibitory neurotransmitter that has been found to be intimately involved in emotion and mood

Answer 28

Serotonin

Question 29

secreted by the neurons of the brainstem and by neurons that innervate the gastrointestinal tract (enteric nervous system)

Answer 29

Serotonin

Question 30

found in platelets (thrombocytes) which release it during coagulation (hemostasis)

Answer 30

Serotonin

Question 31

participates in regulation of body temperature, perception of pain, emotions, and sleep cycle

Answer 31

Serotonin

Question 32

An insufficient secretion of it may result in decreased immune system function, as well as a range of emotional disorders like depression, anger control problems, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and even suicidal tendencies.

Answer 32

Serotonin

Question 33

excitatory neurotransmitter produced by neurons of the hypothalamus, cells of the stomach mucosa, mast cells, and basophils in the blood. In the central nervous system, it is important for wakefulness, blood pressure, pain, and sexual behavior. In the stomach, it increases the acidity

Answer 33

Histamine

Question 34

involved primarily in the inflammatory response, as well as a range of other functions such as vasodilation and regulation of the immune response to foreign bodies. For example, when allergens are introduced into the bloodstream, it assists in the fight against these microorganisms causing itching of the skin or irritations of the throat, nose, and or lungs.

Answer 34

Histamine

Question 35

neurodegenerative disorder characterized by learning and memory impairments. It is associated with a lack of ______ in certain regions of the brain.

Answer 35

Alzheimer's disease Acetylcholine

Question 36

believed to be caused by a depletion of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine in the central nervous system. Hence, pharmacological treatment of depression aims at increasing the concentrations of these neurotransmitters in central nervous system

Answer 36

Depression

Question 37

Depression is believed to be caused by depletion of

Answer 37

Dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

Question 38

severe mental illness, has been shown to involve excessive amounts of _____ in the frontal lobes, which leads to psychotic episodes in these patients.

Answer 38

Schizophrenia Dopamine

Question 39

destruction of the substantia nigra leads to the destruction of the only central nervous system source of ____. ____ depletion leads to uncontrollable muscle tremors seen in patients suffering from it

Answer 39

Parkinson's disease Dopamine

Question 40

caused by the lack of inhibitory neurotransmitters, such as GABA, or by the increase of excitatory neurotransmitters, such is glutamate. Depending on the cause of the seizures, the treatment is aimed to either increase GABA or decrease glutamate

Answer 40

Epilepsy

Question 41

chronic reduction of GABA in the brain can lead to it. Even though this is an inherited disease related to abnormality in DNA, one of the products of such disordered DNA is the reduced ability of the neurons to take up ____.

Answer 41

Huntington's disease GABA

Question 42

rare chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the impairment of synaptic transmission of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions, leading to fatigue and muscular weakness

Answer 42

Myasthenia gravis

Question 43

Most often results from circulating antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors at the postsynaptic neuromuscular junction. This inhibits the excitatory effects of acetylcholine on nicotinic receptors at neuromuscular junctions.

Answer 43

Myasthenia gravis