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Psychy > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Histamine
Glutamate

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2
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Serotonin
GABA
Dopamine
(Acetylcholine)

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3
Q

Neuromodulators

A

Dopamine
Acetylcholine
Histamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin

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4
Q

excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons that innervate muscle cells, basal ganglia, preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system, and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

A

Acetylcholine

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5
Q

stimulate muscle contraction

A

Acetylcholine

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6
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitter, is at the parasympathetic endings of the vagus nerve. These inhibit the heart muscle through the cardiac plexus.

A

Acetylcholine

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7
Q

plays a vital role in the normal functioning of muscles

A

Acetylcholine

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8
Q

excitatory neurotransmitter produced by the brainstem, hypothalamus, and adrenal glands and released into the bloodstream

A

Norepinephrine

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9
Q

In the body, it is secreted by most postganglionic sympathetic nerves. It acts to stimulate the processes in the body. For example, it is very important in the endogenous production of epinephrine.

A

Norepinephrine

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10
Q

has been implicated in mood disorders such as depression and anxiety, in which case its concentration in the body is abnormally low.

A

Norepinephrine

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11
Q

abnormally high concentration of it may lead to an impaired sleep cycle

A

Norepinephrine

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12
Q

excitatory neurotransmitter produced by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland

A

Epinephrine

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13
Q

when a person is highly stimulated (fear, anger etc.), extra amounts of it are released into the bloodstream

A

Epinephrine

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14
Q

This release increases heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose production from the liver (glycogenolysis). In this way, the nervous and endocrine system prepare the body for dangerous and extreme situations by increasing nutrient supply to key tissues.

A

Epinephrine

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15
Q

neurotransmitter secreted by the neurons of the substantia nigra

A

Dopamine

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16
Q

As a part of the extrapyramidal motor system which involves the basal ganglia, it is important for movement coordination by inhibiting unnecessary movements.

A

Dopamine

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17
Q

In the pituitary gland, it inhibits the release of prolactin, and stimulates the secretion of growth hormone.

A

Dopamine

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18
Q

Drug and alcohol obuse can temporarily increase it levels in the leading to confusion and the inability to focus.

A

Dopamine

19
Q

appropriate secretion of it in the bloodstream plays a role in the motivation or desire to complete a task

A

Dopamine

20
Q

most powerful inhibitory neurotransmitter produced by the neurons of the spinal cord, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and many areas of the cerebral cortex. It is derived from glutamate.

A

GABA

21
Q

Functions of it are closely related to mood and emotions

A

GABA

22
Q

acts as a brake to excitatory neurotransmitters; thus when it is abnormally low this can lead to anxiety

A

GABA

23
Q

widely distributed in the brain and plays a principal role in reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system

A

GABA

24
Q

the most powerful excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system which ensures homeostasis with the effects of GABA

A

Glutamate

25
Q

secreted by neurons of the many of the sensory pathways entering the central nervous system, as well as the cerebral cortex

A

Glutamate

26
Q

the most common neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

A

Glutamate

27
Q

takes part in the regulation of general excitability of the central nervous system, learning processes, and memory

A

Glutamate

28
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitter that has been found to be intimately involved in emotion and mood

A

Serotonin

29
Q

secreted by the neurons of the brainstem and by neurons that innervate the gastrointestinal tract (enteric nervous system)

A

Serotonin

30
Q

found in platelets (thrombocytes) which release it during coagulation (hemostasis)

A

Serotonin

31
Q

participates in regulation of body temperature, perception of pain, emotions, and sleep cycle

A

Serotonin

32
Q

An insufficient secretion of it may result in decreased immune system function, as well as a range of emotional disorders like depression, anger control problems, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and even suicidal tendencies.

A

Serotonin

33
Q

excitatory neurotransmitter produced by neurons of the hypothalamus, cells of the stomach mucosa, mast cells, and basophils in the blood. In the central nervous system, it is important for wakefulness, blood pressure, pain, and sexual behavior. In the stomach, it increases the acidity

A

Histamine

34
Q

involved primarily in the inflammatory response, as well as a range of other functions such as vasodilation and regulation of the immune response to foreign bodies. For example, when allergens are introduced into the bloodstream, it assists in the fight against these microorganisms causing itching of the skin or irritations of the throat, nose, and or lungs.

A

Histamine

35
Q

neurodegenerative disorder characterized by learning and memory impairments. It is associated with a lack of ______ in certain regions of the brain.

A

Alzheimer’s disease
Acetylcholine

36
Q

believed to be caused by a depletion of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine in the central nervous system. Hence, pharmacological treatment of depression aims at increasing the concentrations of these neurotransmitters in central nervous system

A

Depression

37
Q

Depression is believed to be caused by depletion of

A

Dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

38
Q

severe mental illness, has been shown to involve excessive amounts of _____ in the frontal lobes, which leads to psychotic episodes in these patients.

A

Schizophrenia
Dopamine

39
Q

destruction of the substantia nigra leads to the destruction of the only central nervous system source of ____. ____ depletion leads to uncontrollable muscle tremors seen in patients suffering from it

A

Parkinson’s disease
Dopamine

40
Q

caused by the lack of inhibitory neurotransmitters, such as GABA, or by the increase of excitatory neurotransmitters, such is glutamate. Depending on the cause of the seizures, the treatment is aimed to either increase GABA or decrease glutamate

A

Epilepsy

41
Q

chronic reduction of GABA in the brain can lead to it. Even though this is an inherited disease related to abnormality in DNA, one of the products of such disordered DNA is
the reduced ability of the neurons to take up ____.

A

Huntington’s disease
GABA

42
Q

rare chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the impairment of synaptic transmission of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions, leading to fatigue and muscular weakness

A

Myasthenia gravis

43
Q

Most often results from circulating antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors at
the postsynaptic neuromuscular junction. This inhibits the excitatory effects of acetylcholine on nicotinic
receptors at neuromuscular junctions.

A

Myasthenia gravis

Psychy (6 decks)

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