neurotransmitters

Question 1

what type of neurons release ACh

Answer 1

somatic motor neurons

Question 2

where in the brain in Ach Released

Answer 2

basal forebrain

Question 3

name the receptor that binds Ach

Answer 3

Nicotinic

Question 4

in which nervous system does ACh work

Answer 4

Autonomic nervous system

Question 5

after release from the forebrain where do the signals go?

Answer 5

cerebral cortex and hippocampus

Question 6

what is the function of ACh

Answer 6

1. Arousal
2. Wakefulness
3. Learning

Question 7

name another receptor that binds to ACh besides Nicotinic

Answer 7

Muscarinic

Question 8

what happens in Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 8

Cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain die

Question 9

how is Alzheimer’s managed in the context of ACh

Answer 9

by giving acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Question 10

give an example of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Answer 10

Rivastigmine

Question 11

Name the two main Glutamate receptors

Answer 11

AMPA and NMDA

Question 12

what does the NMDA do that the AMPA does not do

Answer 12

1. they open only during depolarization
2. they allow Ca2+ to flow in

Question 13

what function does Ca2+ play

Answer 13

they act as second messengers and are important in long term potentiation

Question 14

activation of which receptors will cause future ESPS to be bigger and what significance does it serve

Answer 14

NMDA and it is important in Long Term Potentiation

Question 15

how can LTP be induced

Answer 15

1. adding more AMPA receptors
2. phosphorylation of AMPA receptors
3. release of more glutamate

Question 16

how do the Metabotropic receptors work

Answer 16

by having the G protein to activate a Diacylglycerol-inositol triphosphate second messenger cascade

Question 17

what is the main function of GABA

Answer 17

It acts as a inhibitor neurotransmitter

Question 18

what function does the GABA receptors perform in terms of channels

Answer 18

they result in a influx of Cl ions

Question 19

what factors target/compete for sites of GABA receptors

Answer 19

1. Alcohol
2. Anaesthetics
3. Benzodiazepines (drug that slows down brain and body function)

Question 20

where is GABA commonly found

Answer 20

presynaptic signals

Question 21

what are the two receptors for GABA

Answer 21

Ionotropic and Metabotropic

Question 22

what is the molecular name of serotonin

Answer 22

5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

Question 23

where in the brain is Serotonin released

Answer 23

Raphe nuclei

Question 24

what is the function of serotonin

Answer 24

1. Mood, emotions and sleep
2. control food intake
3. cognitive pathway
4. thermoregulation and pain

Question 25

what elevates serotonin levels

Answer 25

1. anti-depressants

Question 26

in aggression are the levels or serotonin high or low

Answer 26

high

Question 27

does appetite increase or decrease with high serotonin levels

Answer 27

decrease

Question 28

explain the life cycle of serotonin

Answer 28

it is removed from the synapse by specific transporters (SERT) and when it gets back to the presynaptic terminal it can either be reloaded into vesicles or broken down by enzymes

Question 29

what enzyme breaks down serotonin in the presynaptic terminal?

Answer 29

MAO - monoamine oxidase

Question 30

where is the enzyme MAO found?

Answer 30

Mitochrondria of the presynaptic neuron

Question 31

name the three catecholamines

Answer 31

Dopamine Norepinephrine Epinephrine

Question 32

what is the function of Catecholamines

Answer 32

1. Mood 2. Movement 3. attention 4. autonomic function

Question 33

what is the function of Tyrosine Hydroxylase

Answer 33

it is a rate limiting enzyme involved in catecholamines synthesis

Question 34

name the four pathways Dopamine in involved in

Answer 34

1. Nigrostriatal pathway 2. Mesolimbic pathway 3. Mesocortical pathway 4. Tuberinfundibular Pathway

Question 35

what is the function of the Nigrostriatal pathway

Answer 35

Movement

Question 36

where does the mesolimbic pathway originate

Answer 36

the ventral tegmental area

Question 37

what is the function of the mesolimbic

Answer 37

Motivation and Desire

Question 38

where does the mesocortical pathway project to?

Answer 38

frontal lobe

Question 39

what is the function of the mesocortical pathway

Answer 39

motivation in cognition motivation in sensation conscious emotion

Question 40

what disease is associated with the mesocortocal and mesolimbic

Answer 40

ADHD Schizophrenia

Question 41

where does the tuberinfundibular pathway originate and project

Answer 41

Arcuate nucleous of the Hypothalamus and projects into the pituitary gland (posterior lobe)

Question 42

what is the function of the tuberinfundibular pathway

Answer 42

release of prolactin

Question 43

which receptors are the activation receptors for Dopamine

Answer 43

D1 and D5

Question 44

which receptors are the inhibitory receptors for Dopamine

Answer 44

D2, D3 and D4

Question 45

what disease in linked with Dopamine

Answer 45

Parkinson's ADHD Schizophrenia

Question 46

what drugs work against dopamine

Answer 46

Cocaine - blocks reuptake of dopamine by blocking transporter on the presynaptic neuron Methamphetamine - reverses the action of the transporter, which then actively pumps out more dopamine

Question 47

where is norepinephrine released

Answer 47

Pons and medulla

Question 48

what is the function of norepinephrine

Answer 48

Arousal and Vigilance