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Somewhat school work > Anatomy for trauma > Flashcards

Anatomy for trauma Flashcards

1
Q

name the three types of haemorrhages

A
  1. sub arachnoid
  2. sub-dural
  3. extra-dural
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2
Q

what is the percentage of pediatric trauma that result in hospitalisation

A

75%

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3
Q

what percentage of pediatric trauma hospitalisation result in death

A

80%

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4
Q

what factors can cause trauma in children

A
  • abuse
  • domestic falls
  • recreational injuries
  • motor vehicle accidents
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5
Q

what is the percentage of pediatric firearm injuries results in death

A

12%

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6
Q

what are the two main categories of head injuries
and what falls under each

A

general
- open and closed
specific
- lacerations
- coup-contrecoup
- haematoma
- contusions
- diffuse axonal injury
- concussions
-

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7
Q

what falls under specific head injury

A

specific
- lacerations
- coup-contrecoup
- haematoma
- contusions
- diffuse axonal injury
- concussions
- anoxic
- hypoxic

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8
Q

what are the three morphological classifications of head injuries

A
  • scalp injuries
  • scalp fracture
  • brain injuries
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9
Q

do skull fractures always correlate to brain injury

A

No, one may have skull injury without any significant brain injury or even have brain injury without skull injury

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10
Q

what three factors result in skull fractures

A
  • high velocity impact
  • flat impact
  • ring
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11
Q

what are the possible four complications of skull fracture

A
  • infections
  • brain damage
  • epilepsy
  • intrusion of brain fragments into depressed skull fractures
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12
Q

what happens in the event of open head injury

A

the skull is penetrated by a sharp object such as a knife or even a missile

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13
Q

will you expect to find tissue damage in open injuries and if yes where?

A

yes, at the site of skull penetration or the even in the surrounding areas of the intruding object

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14
Q

what are the 4 consequences of open injury

A
  • swelling
  • lacerations from the skull fragments
  • vulnerability to infection
  • further injury
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15
Q

what happens under closed injury

A

this type of fractures are caused by blunt objects or blow to the head without penetrating the skull and this is the most common form of brain damage

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16
Q

which type of injury is the most common for brain damage

A

closed injury

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17
Q

what are the consequences of closed injury

A
  • swelling
  • increased intracranial pressure
  • tissue compression
18
Q

what is a specific head injury

A

sudden impact to the head causing change in momentum or movement of the brain.

19
Q

what may happen to the vessels and cranial nerves in a event of SPECIFIC HEAD INJURY and what is the main cause of this

A

the vessels and cranial nerves may over stretch due to the sudden change in momentum

20
Q

what is COUP representative of?

A

primary impact

21
Q

what is CONTRECOUP representative of?

A

secondary impact

22
Q

what is the mechanism of closed injury

A

head starts in upright in neutral position and there is a sudden force that makes the head to move backwards in a high rate resulting in the initial impact from behind and the front of the brain impacts the anterior skull. and during the processes of head and neck rebound the brain will impact at the posterior skull eventually resulting in anterior-posterior trauma.

23
Q

under specific head injury you get concussions, how do they occur

A

??

24
Q

what is a contusion

A

a visible bruise/bleeding on the brain

25
Q

what causes diffuse axonal injury

A
  • strong rotation forces of the head during events such as car accident where the unmoving brain lags behind the movement of the skull causing the brain structures to tear
26
Q

what causes Anoxic brain injury

A
  • when the brain does not receive any oxygen causing the cells to die
27
Q

what causes Hypoxic brain Injury

A

when the brain does not receive enough oxygen

28
Q

what are the two most minor types of head injury

A
  • laceration
  • hematoma
29
Q

what is the major complication of lacerations and hematoma

A
  • infection
30
Q

what is the source epidural hematomas (3)

A

meningeal vessels, dural venous sinus and diploic vein from skull fractures

31
Q

where do 90% of the epidural hematomas occur

A

squamous portion of temporal bone

32
Q

in which age group of subdural hematomas common

A

infants

33
Q

what is the main cause of subdural hematoma

A

high velocity impact
assault
fall from significant height

34
Q

what is the source of subdural hematomas

A

dural venous sinuses
cortical bridging veins

35
Q

where is the skull thickened

A
  • Glabella
  • external occipital protuberance
  • mastoid processes
  • external angular process (zygomatic process) of frontal bone
36
Q

how many layers does the skull have

A

(5)
2 periosteum
2 compact
1 spongy

37
Q

what sites of the skull are prone to fracture

A
  • sites of thin squamous temporal and parietal bones over the temples
  • the sphenoid sinus
  • the foramen magnum
  • the petrous temporal ridge
  • the inner parts of the sphenoid wings
  • the middle cranial fossa (the weakest with thin bones and multiple foramina)
  • the cribriform plate
  • the roof of orbits and the areas between the mastoid and dural sinuses in the posterior cranial fossa
38
Q

what factors can cause damage to CN1

A

damage at the cribriform plate
blows to the frontal or occipital plate
eodema or hematoma at the cribriform

39
Q

what factors can cause damage to CN2

A

blow to the region that causes displacement of the of the orbital wall. this will result to oscillations that causes the nerve to stretch and ultimately injury occurs.

severe frontal impact can cause fracture in the region of sella and clinoid resulting in chiasmal injury.

40
Q

what factors can cause damage to CN3

A
  • uncus in transtentorial herniation in the tentorial hiatus result in nerve compression.
  • stretch of the nerve at the mesencephalo-pontine junction ( cause isolated oculomotor palsy)
  • in most cases oculomotor palsy occurs with those of other nerves that involve the cavernous sinus.
  • injury at superior orbital fissure
41
Q

what factors can cause damage to CN4

A

blow that causes impact against the tentorium
the nerve damage occurs at the medial dorsal midbrain or the free edge of the tentorium

shacking children results in bilateral CN4 injury

42
Q

CN5 injury occurs due to what

A
  • due to severe maxillofacial and skull base injury
  • supra and infraorbital are injured during trauma to the forehead

Somewhat school work (13 decks)

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