anatomical pathology C21

Question 1

what does the magnitude of cranial injury depend on?

Answer 1

shape, force and if the object is in motion or not

Question 2

what are the two main classifications of cranial injury

Answer 2

blunt and sharp
(closed and open)

Question 3

what four injuries occur with cranial injury

Answer 3

skull fracture
parenchymal injury
vascular damage
combination of all

Question 4

what are the three types of skull fractures

Answer 4

linear
depressed
compound

Question 5

what are the complications of skull fracture

Answer 5

haemorrhages
infection

Question 6

what are the two examples of contusion injury

Answer 6

coup and contrecoup

Question 6

what are the two examples of contusion injury

Answer 6

coup and contrecoup

Question 7

which lobe is most susceptible for contusions

Answer 7

frontal lobe along the orbital gyrus and the temporal lobe

Question 8

what events occur after acute contusions

Answer 8

haemorrhagic necrosis and oedema
and gradually macrophages migrate and clear up debris

Question 9

which patients are at higher risk for sub-dural hematomas

Answer 9

elderly patients with brain atrophy

Question 10

what are the complications of subdural hematomas

Answer 10

raised intracranial pressure and arterial and venous bleeding

Question 11

what injuries occur in paranchyma

Answer 11

DVI -diffuse vascular injury (cause patehial haemorrhage)
DAI - diffuse axonal injury

Question 12

what is the difference between primary and secondary injury

Answer 12

primary injuries occur at the moment of impact while secondary fractures can be delayed thus preventable.

Question 13

what scale is used to assess loss of consciousness

Answer 13

Glascow coma scale

Question 14

what are the two features of consciousness

Answer 14

alertness and awareness

Question 15

what is Monro-Kellie Doctrine

Answer 15

it talks to the idea that the brain contained within a closed space increases in volume of any one component must be matched by reductio in another or ICP will rise

Question 16

what are the causes of brain shift or herniation

Answer 16

hematoma
abscess
tumour
parasitic
ICP

Question 17

what is the sequelae of subdural haemorrhages

Answer 17

the initially start as flat blood clots that are not attached to the dura. then fibroblast ingrowth causes organization. and after 10 to 20 days the outer membrane gets formed then followed by formation of the inner membrane. and further organization will lead to chronic subdural hematoma.

Question 18

where is difuse axonal injury commonly occur

Answer 18

severe damage is along the midline structures,