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HEENT > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

A patient presents with motor deficits. Based on their history, you suspect they have Parkinson’s disease. What dopamine neurons have likely been lost in this patient?

A

Substantia nigra dopamine neurons

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2
Q

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and histamine are all examples of what class of neurotransmitter?

A

Biogenic amines / monoamines

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3
Q

What neurotransmitter receptor plays a role in synaptic plasticity and memory?

A

NMDA receptors

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4
Q

This purine receptor plays a role in mechanosensation and pain.

A

P2X - ionotrophic

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5
Q

What is the function of GABA as a neurotransmitter?

A

Inhibitory in the brain

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6
Q

What is the function of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway?

A

Motor

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7
Q

What enzyme converts glutamine to glutamate in the pre-synaptic neuron?

A

Glutaminase

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8
Q

What type of Ach receptors are most common in the brain?

A

Muscarinic

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9
Q

Endocannabinoids can bind the pre-synaptic neuron via retrograde signaling. What is this effect?

A

They can affect the release of neurotransmitter from the pre-synaptic neuron.

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10
Q

How are catecholamines mostly cleared from the synaptic cleft?

A

Reuptake into the pre-synaptic neuron. Remainder is broken down by the liver.

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11
Q

What enzyme is responsible for converting norepinephrine to epinephrine?

A

PNMT

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12
Q

CNS neurotransmitters, such as Ach and NE, are located where?

A

Locus coeruleus

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13
Q

What neurotrophin is responsible for decreasing axonal growth and dendritic complexity?

A

p75

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14
Q

What dopamine pathway controls prolactin release?

A

Tuboinfundibular

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15
Q

Catecholamines are generated from what molecule?

A

Tyrosine

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16
Q

This dopamine pathway plays a role in reward & pleasure.

A

Mesolimbic

17
Q

True/False. Myasthenia gravis is caused by decreased Ach release.

A

False. Ach release is normal, however immune cells target and destroy Ach receptors. As such, less receptors are available for Ach binding.

18
Q

What is an example of a metabotropic purine receptor and its function?

A

A2A - increases GABA release to facilitate arousal

19
Q

What receptors are targetted by muscle relaxants?

A

GABA(B)

20
Q

These receptors activate G-coupled receptors and have longer-lasting effects.

A

Metabotrophic

21
Q

How does an AMDA receptor differ from an NMDA receptor?

A

An AMDA receptor only allows entry of Na+. The NMDA receptor allows entry of Na+ & Ca+, but is blocked by Mg+. Two action potentials are required to displace the Mg+ and open the channel.

22
Q

Describe the effects of low and high serotonin levels.

A

Low serotonin - depression, suicidal ideation, violence

High serotonin - mania, aggressive behavior

23
Q

What is the first brain structure damaged during Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Basal forebrain - motor problems likely present before memory loss and behavior change

24
Q

Where is serotonin produced?

A

Raphe nuclei

25
Q

All dopamine receptors are metabotropic. Which receptors are inhibitory?

A

D2, D3, D4

26
Q

Orexins play a role in the sleep/wake cycle. Where are they released from?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

27
Q

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter for the spinal cord?

A

Glycine

28
Q

What molecule is used to derive serotonin?

A

Tryptophan

29
Q

What is the effect of ATP on glutamate release from the pre-synaptic neuron?

A

ATP inhibits glutamate release. Dopamine can stimulate an astrocyte to release ATP.

30
Q

What common neurotransmitters are catecholamines?

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

31
Q

All dopamine receptors are metabotropic. Which receptors are stimulatory?

A

D1 & D5

32
Q

Serotonin is reuptook via serotonin transporters. How does MDMA affect reuptake?

A

MDMA causes release of all serotonin into the synaptic cleft

33
Q

What histamine receptors are located in the brain to play a role in homeostasis, memory, and sleep/wake cycle?

A

H1, H2, & H3. H4 is located throughout the body and functions in immune response

34
Q

What types of receptors open ligand-gated ion channels?

A

Ionotrophic

35
Q

What dopamine pathway plays a role in behavior, cognition, and mood?

A

Mesocortical

36
Q

What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter for the CNS?

A

Glutamate

HEENT (9 decks)

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