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Neuroscience > Neurotransmitter Systems > Flashcards

Neurotransmitter Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Acetylcholine (Cholinergic) :

  • Synthesis:
  • Moved into clear vesicles via ?
  • Removed from synaptic trough via ? bound to post-synaptic cell membrane
A
  • Choline and Acetate
  • Vesicular Ach Transporter protein (VAchT)
  • Acetylcholinesterase
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2
Q

Acetylcholine (Cholinergic):
• Receptor Location
- M1 (neuronal): ↑ ? –>↑ ?

A
  • ↑ IP3/DAG (Gq) –> ↑ Ca++
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3
Q

Acetylcholine (Cholinergic):
• Receptor Location
- M2 (cardiac): ↓ ? –> ↑ ? efflux

A
  • ↓ cAMP (Gi) –> ↑ K+ efflux
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4
Q

Acetylcholine (Cholinergic):
• Receptor Location
- M3 (smooth m. of bronchi, vasculature; endothelial cells of vasculature
(NO): ↑ IP3/DAG (Gq) –> ↑ Ca++

A
  • ↑ IP3/DAG (Gq) –> ↑ Ca++
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5
Q

Acetylcholine (Cholinergic):
• Receptor Location
- M4 (presynaptic autoreceptor; striatum of basal ganglia): ↓ ?

A

↓ cAMP (Gi)

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6
Q

Acetylcholine (Cholinergic):
• Receptor Location
- M5 (cerebrovasculature; dopaminergic neurons of basal ganglia): ↑ ?

A

↑ IP3/DAG

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7
Q 
Acetylcholine (Cholinergic):
• Nicotinic Receptors 
• Located at:
- 
- Synapse between ? and ?cells in autonomic ganglia
A

• Located at:

  • NMJ
  • Synapse between pre- and post-ganglionic cells in autonomic gangli
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8
Q

2 major inhibitory amino acids

A
  • GABA

- Glycine

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9
Q

Which area has the least GABA of all?

A

Spinal Cord

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10
Q

Roles of GABA

A

Multiple Roles but critical in:

  • Consciousness
  • Motor Control
  • Vision (retina)
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11
Q

GABA
• Synthesis
- From ?
- Important Enzyme:

  • Transported into vesicles by ?
  • Removed from synapse via ?
  • 2 Forms:
    1. GAT1 - on the ?
    2. GAT2 - on ? cells surrounding the synapse
A

• Synthesis

  • From GLUTAMATE
  • Important Enzyme: GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE (GAD)
  • Transported into vesicles by Vesicular GABA Transporter protein (VGAT)
  • Removed from synapse via GAT (GABA Transporter)
  • 2 Forms:
    1. GAT1 - on the presynaptic terminal
    2. GAT2 - on glial cells surrounding the synapse
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12
Q

If GAT1 (on the presynaptic terminal) takes the GABA up, the GABA is repackaged into ? as is.

A

vesicles

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13
Q

If GAT2 (on the astrocytes) takes the GABA up, the GABA is converted to ? and released to the ?, where it will be taken up by the ? and recycled into ?.

A
  • Glutamine
  • ECF
  • Presynaptic terminal
  • GABA
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14
Q
  • Ionotropic (Cl conductance)
  • Activation produces ipsp in adult neurons.
• Multiple binding sites
modulate:
- Benzodiazepine site 
- Ethanol 
- Certain steroids 
- These all potentiate.
A

GABA(A) Receptors

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15
Q
  • Metabotropic
  • Gi/Go protein coupled.
  • Activate a K+ channel (GIRK)
  • Close down (inhibit) a Ca++ channel

• Located pre- and post-synaptically

  • Presynaptic: regulate NT release
  • Postsynaptic: inhibition of post-synaptic cell
A

GABA(B) Receptors

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16
Q 
Glycine:
• Found in:
- ?
-  ?
-  Much less in ?
A

• Found in:

  • Spinal Cord (major)
  • Brainstem (medulla)
  • Much less in higher areas of CNS
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17
Q

Glycine:

- Function ?

A

Function

- Mediates many spinal inhibitions

18
Q

Glycine:

- Production ?

A

Production:

- Unmodified amino acid

19
Q

Glycine:
- Removal from synapse:
?

A

Removal from synapse:

  • GAT proteins (same as GABA)
  • Recycling
20
Q

Glycine Receptor

  • Ionotropic (Chloride)
  • Influx of ? leads to ipsp
  • ? and ? bind to it and potentiate
  • ? binds to it and blocks it
A
  • Influx of CHLORIDE leads to ipsp
  • ETHANOL and GENERAL ANESTHETICS bind to it and potentiate
  • STYCHNINE binds to it and blocks it
21
Q

2 Major classes of purines?

A

P1 and P2

22
Q

P1 (A receptors)

  • ligand = ?
  • Post-synaptic locations ?
  • Pre-synaptic locations ?
A
  • ligand = adenosine
  • Post-synaptic locations
  • Sleep induction
  • General inhibition of neural function

• Pre-synaptic locations
- Inhibition of neurotransmitter release

23
Q

P2 receptor = ?

  • Ionotropic
  • Ligand: ATP
  • Many subtypes
A

P2X

24
Q

P2 receptor = ?

  • Metabotropic
  • Ligand: ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP
  • Gs/Gq coupled
A

P2Y

25
Q

Functions of purines?

A
  • Learning & memory (co-release with EAA)

* Modification of locomotor pathways

26
Q

• These neurotransmitters are peptides made in the soma and transported
down the axon via fast axonal transport.
• Includes several transmitters:
- ?

A

Peptide Transmitters

Include:

  • The opioids
  • The tachykinins, including Substance P.
  • Cholecystokinin
  • Somatostatin
  • others
27
Q

• The opioids are a family of peptides that include:

?

A
  • The endorphins (endogenous morphines – we knew about morphine first).
  • The enkephalins
  • The dynorphins
  • Nociceptin
28
Q

Functions of the Opioids?

A
  • Modification of nociceptive inputs (Cutaneous senses).

* Mood/Affect

29
Q

4 Precursor molecules of opioids?

A

• Proopiomelanocortinin (PCOM)
- Β-Endorphins

• Pro-encephalin

  • Tyr-gly-gly-phe-X
  • Met-enkephalin (X = methionine)
  • Leu-enkephalin (X = leucine)

• Pro-dynorphin

  • 3 molecules of Leu-enkephalin
  • Dynorphin

• Orphanin FQ –> nociceptin

30
Q

Synthesis of the opioids?

A

Standard protein synthesis in the cell body

31
Q

Removal from trough/cleft of the opioids?

A

• Probable reuptake
• Enzymatic destruction
- Enkephalinase
- Aminopeptidiase

32
Q

Opioid receptor

- u- Receptor (mu) = ?

A

Metobotropic receptor

33
Q

***Opioid activation causes (u-receptor)?

A
  • Analgesia
  • Respiratory depression
  • Euphoria
  • Constipation
  • Sedation
34
Q

Opioid Receptor:

Kappa (K) receptor =?

A

Serpentine

35
Q

Opioid (kappa) receptor produces:

- ?

A
  • Analgesia **
  • Dysphoria **
  • Diuresis
  • Miosis
36
Q

Opioid Receptor

- Delta receptor = ?

A

Serpentine

37
Q

Opioid (delta) receptor produces ?

A

Produces analgesia** when activated.

38
Q

Opioid Receptor:
• All opioid receptors are ? (serpentine) and activate second messenger systems with ligand binding.
- All connect to ? proteins
- Mu receptor: leads to an increase in ? efflux
and hyperpolarization.
- Delta- and Kappa-receptors:
~Decrease ? influx.

A

• All opioid receptors are METABOTROPIC (serpentine) and activate second messenger systems with ligand binding.
- All connect to Gi/Go proteins
- Mu receptor: leads to an increase in POTASSIUM efflux
and hyperpolarization.
- Delta- and Kappa-receptors:
~Decrease CALCIUM influx.

39
Q

Endocannabinoids:
• Broadly distributed in the CNS

• Basal ganglia functions:
- ?

• Spinal cord
- ?

• Cortex
- ?

• Hippocampus
- ?

• Hypothalamus
- ?

A

• Basal ganglia

  • Mood
  • Motor performance

• Spinal cord
- Modulation of nociception

• Cortex
- Neuroprotection

• Hippocampus
- Memory formation

• Hypothalamus
- Control of body
energy/hunger

40
Q

Endocannabinoids synthesis:

  • Derived from ?
  • Occurs in ?
A
  • Membrane lipids (arachidonic acid)

- presynaptic terminal

41
Q

Endocannabinoid:
• The CB1 receptor:
- Found on pre-synaptic terminals of ? and ? releasing synapses

  • ? EAA and GABA release.
  • Via a ? coupled protein
  • ? and ? are equally effective.
A
  • Found on pre-synaptic terminals of EAA and GABA releasing synapses
  • REDUCES EAA and GABA release.
  • Via a Gi coupled protein
  • ANANDAMIDE and 2-AG are equally effective.
42
Q

Endocannabinoid:
CB2 receptor
• Associated with ?

  • Location: ?
  • Action: ?
  • Special note: in the brain, activation of the CB2 receptor increases ?
A

CB2 receptor
• Associated with IMMUNE SYSTEM

• Location:

  • Microglia in brain
  • Gut
  • Immune system in general
  • Action: ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
  • Special note: in the brain, activation of the CB2 receptor increases β-AMYLOID REMOVAL.

Neuroscience (14 decks)

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