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Block 6 Ellen > Neurotransmitter and brain pathways L4 > Flashcards

Neurotransmitter and brain pathways L4 Flashcards

1
Q

criteria to be a neurotransmitter

A
  • must be synthesised or present in presynaptic neurone
  • must produce response in postsynaptic membrane
  • must be a mechanism for removal
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2
Q

2 main subdivisions of neurotransmitter

A

Small molecule neurotransmitter

neuropeptide

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3
Q

type of vesicles small molecules are transported in

A

small clear vesicles

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4
Q

type of vesicles neuropeptides are transported in

A

large dense core vesicles

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5
Q

what do small molecules transmit

A

fast transmission

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6
Q

what do neuropeptides transmit

A

slow synaptic signalling

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7
Q

which formation is faster for neurotransmitter

A

neuropeptide

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8
Q

cholinergic neurons=

A

acetylcholine

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9
Q

Glutamatergic neurone=

A

Glutamate

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10
Q

GABAergic neurones=

A

GABA

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11
Q

Catecholaminergic neurones=

A

noradrenaline
adrenaline
dopamine

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12
Q

serotonergic neurones=

A

serotonin

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13
Q

peptidergic neurones=

A

peptides

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14
Q

2 types of receptor

A

ionotropic receptors

metabotropic receptor

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15
Q

what are ionotropic receptors

A

the receptor has an ion channel and binding NT leads to opening (fast transmission)

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16
Q

what are mechanotropic receptors

A

receptors coupled to transmembrane protein leads to an effect within the cell

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17
Q

most common NT in PNS=

A

acetylcholine

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18
Q

what receptors does acetyl choline act on

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

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19
Q

what can death of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain cause

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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20
Q

how to treat alzheimer’s

A

ACHE (acetylcholineesterase) inhibitor

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21
Q

what enzyme synthesises Acetyl choline synthesis

A

ChAT (choline acetyltransferase)

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22
Q

3 amino acid neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate, GABA and glycine

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23
Q

main excitatory neurone in the brain=

A

Glutamate

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24
Q

what is glutamate broken down into

A

glutamine

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25
Q

what converts glutamine to glutamate

A

Glutaminase

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26
Q

how is glutamine removed from the synaptic cleft

A

glutamate transporters on presynaptic transporters and gilia cells

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27
Q

what can happen if you lack glutamate transporters

A

motor neurone disease, epilepsy and Alzheimer’s disease

28
Q

3 main glutamate receptors

A

AMPA
NMDA
Kainate

29
Q

what can antagonising AMPA and NMDA treat

A

epilepsy

30
Q

main inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS (2)

A

GABA

Glycine

31
Q

what is the precursor for GABA

A

Glutamate

32
Q

what coverts Glutamate to GABA

A

GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase)

33
Q

what resorbs GABA/ Glycine

A

Transporters found on glial cells and presynaptic neurons

34
Q

2 type of GABA receptors

A

GABA-A

GABA-B

35
Q

what can agonising GABA receptors treat

A

Epilepsy

36
Q

e.g of GABA agonist

A

Diazepam

37
Q

what drug can increase GABA in the brain

A

sodium valproate

38
Q

how does GABA work

A

it hyperpolarises the cell

39
Q

Glycine synthesis=

A

serine which is converted to glycine

40
Q

how is glycine reabsorbed

A

by glial cells on presynaptic neurone

41
Q

where is serine derived from

A

Glucose

42
Q

glycine main role

A

major spinal cord/ brainstem inhibitory Neurotransmitter

43
Q

name 3 biogenic amines

A

Noradrenaline
adrenaline
dopamine

44
Q

what is the main precursor for biogenic amines

A

Tyrosine

45
Q

what can tyrosine be converted into

A

L-dopa

46
Q

What coverts L-dopa into dopamine

A

dopa decarboxylase

47
Q

what can dopamine be converted into

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

48
Q

what breaks down Biogenic amines (2)

A

MAOa

MAOb

49
Q

what does MAOa break down (oxidises)

A

serotonin and NE

50
Q

What does MAOb breakdown (oxidises)

A

dopamine

51
Q

3 dopamine systems in the brain

A

Mesolimbic
Mesocortical
Nigrostriatal

52
Q

2 dopamine receptors

A

D1

D2

53
Q

what does D1 receptors include

A

D1 and D5

54
Q

what does D2 receptors include

A

D3 and D4

55
Q

where is Noradrenaline found

A

locus coeruleus

56
Q

what does Noradrenaline play a role in the brain in

A

sleep, attention and feeding

57
Q

decreased Noradrenaline—>

A

depression

58
Q

increased Noradrenaline—>

A

Mania

59
Q

what is serotonin synthesised from

A

tryptophan (meet and diary)

60
Q

where is serotonin found

A

Raphe nuclei

61
Q

serotonin plays a role in

A

mood, emotions and sleep

62
Q

how is serotonin stored in vesicles

A

same monoamine transporter VMAT as catecholamines

63
Q

how is serotonin reabsorbed

A

SERT (serotonin transporter)

64
Q

how is serotonin broken down

A

by MAO

65
Q

what can serotonin be metabolised to become

A

melatonin

66
Q

what are drugs called that inhibit SERT

A

SSRIs

67
Q

E.g of a SSRI

A

Escitalopram

Block 6 Ellen (10 decks)

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