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Block 6 Ellen > Consciousness and brain activity L2 > Flashcards

Consciousness and brain activity L2 Flashcards

1
Q

consciousness medical definition=

A

the state of being aware and responsive

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2
Q

what can levels of consciousness be plotted as

A

Awareness vs responsiveness

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3
Q

what cortex is involved in awareness and attention

A

parietal cortex

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4
Q

locked in syndrome=

A

fully conscious but paralysed

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5
Q

most common cause of loss of consciousness world wide

A

malaria

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6
Q

3 parts of assessment

A

Airways
breathing
cardiac output

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7
Q

what can be used to assess consciousness

A

glasgow coma scale

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8
Q

3 things Glasgow coma scale uses

A 
eyes (4)
verbal response (5)
Motor response (6)
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9
Q

minimun score of glasgow coma scale

A

3

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10
Q

maximum score of glasgow coma scale

A

15

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11
Q

6 motor levels

A 
none
decerebrate 
decorticate
withdraws 
localizes 
obeys
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12
Q

5 verbal levels

A 
none
incomprehensible 
inappropriate
confused 
appropriate
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13
Q

4 eye levels of eye opening

A

none
to pain
to verbal command
spontaneous

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14
Q

what is a moderate to server score

A

9-11

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15
Q

what score is not in a coma

A

above 9

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16
Q

critical score=

A

8

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17
Q

above 12=

A

minor injury

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18
Q

brain stem death definition

A

irreversible loss of the capacity for consciousness + irreversible capacity to breath

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19
Q

what must the criteria for brain stem death not be caused by

A

depressant drugs
primary hypothermia
reversible endocrine, circulatory and metabolic disturbances

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20
Q

6 tests for brainstem death

A 
pupil response
corneal reflex
vestibular-occular reflex 
cranial nerve motor response 
cough/ gag reflex
respiratory effort
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21
Q

brain stem areas essential for consciousness (2)

A

reticular activating system (RAS)

cerebral cortex

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22
Q

what is the reticular activating system

A

a collection of nuclei found throughout the midbrain and extends into the hind brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

another name from the reticular activating system

A

Diffuse modulatory system

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24
Q

name 4 nuclei of the RAS

A

locus coeruleus
Raphe nuclei
ventral tegmental area
cholinergic nuclei

25
Q

where is locus coerulus

A

pons

26
Q

neurotransmitter of locus coerulus

A

noradrenaline

27
Q

when is the locus coerulus active

A

arousal
novel stimuli
mediates sympathetic effects of stress

28
Q

Disorders of locus coerulus

A

anxiety, panic , PTSD

29
Q

where are Raphe nuclei

A

midline midbrain, pons and medulla

30
Q

neurotransmitter of raphe nuclei

A

serotonin

31
Q

role of Raphe nuclei

A

projections help regulate circardian rhythm

and pain inhibition

32
Q

disorders of Raphe nuclei

A

depression

OCD

33
Q

where is the Ventral tegmental area

A

ventral regions of midbrain

34
Q

where does the ventral tegmental area project to

A

frontal cortex and limbic system

35
Q

what does the ventral tegmental area do

A

reinforces pleasurable sensations

36
Q

disorders of ventral tegmental area

A

addiction

schizophrenia

37
Q

2 cholinergic nuclei

A

basal forebrain nuclei

dorsolateral pontine nuclei

38
Q

neurotransmitter of cholinergic nuclei

A

Acetyl choline

39
Q

what is the activated role of the cholinergic nuclei

A

states of arousal
induce wakefulness and REM sleep
learning and memory

40
Q

disorders of Cholinergic nuclei

A

Alzeimers
amnesia
dementia

41
Q

what area is associated with sleeping sickness

A

posterior hypothalamus damage

42
Q

when awake what fibres fire

A

increased cholinergic fibre firing

43
Q

when asleep what do fibres do

A

decreased cholinergic fibre firing

44
Q

In wakefulness what need to happen to the thalamus

A

stimulate the thalamus and inhibit the inhibitory effect of the reticular nucleus

45
Q

3 neurons that cause oscillations in EEG

A

Thalamocortical
reticular
corticothalamic

46
Q

2 main stages of sleep

A

Non- REM sleep

REM sleep

47
Q

which type of sleep is synchronised

A

non-REM sleep

48
Q

which type of sleep is desynchronised

A

REM sleep

49
Q

REM=

A

rapid eye movements

50
Q

what type of frequency does REM cause

A

high frequency in EEG

51
Q

another word for REM sleep

A

paradoxical sleep

52
Q

which sleep is associated with dream

A

REM sleep

53
Q

where do neurons in the retina project to

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the thalamus

54
Q

what does SCN secrete

A

vasopressin

55
Q

what does vasopressin do in the brain

A

indirectly modulates the pineal gland to release melatonin

56
Q

what is melatonin

A

a sleep promoting neurohormone

57
Q

when does melatonin levels rise

A

just before a person is about to go to sleep

58
Q

rare sleep disorder=

A

Narcolepsy

59
Q

what does fMRI measure

A

glucose uptake in the brain

Block 6 Ellen (10 decks)

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