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Psych 109 > Neuroscience Short Answers > Flashcards

Neuroscience Short Answers Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the Invasive Techniques of Neuroscience in the Past?

A

Activating areas of the brain through electricity, chemicals, heat, cold - behaviour observed.

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2
Q

How does MRI Work?

A

Magnetic field over head, H molecule reverberations picked up by scanner, examined for differences, 3D picture created.

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3
Q

How does EEG Work?

A

Detects electrical currents generated by neurons on brain surface by affixing metal electrodes to scalp.

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4
Q

What is N400?

A

Linked with language processing - elicited in sentences where last word is surprising but linguistically legal.

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5
Q

How does FMRI Work?

A

Changes in magnetic fields detected in blood to show fast changing aspects of brain physiology.

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6
Q

How does TMS Work?

A

Creates temporary brain dysfunction - magnetic pulses on scalp causes disruption below area.

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7
Q

What does Development of Nervous System Look like after 3 Weeks?

A

Thickening on top of embryo, neural tube formed.

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8
Q

What does Development of Nervous System Look like after 1 Month?

A

3 thickenings develop into hindbrain, forebrain, midbrain.

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9
Q

What does the Central Nervous System Include?

A

Brain and spinal cord.

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10
Q

What does the Peripheral Nervous System Include?

A

Somatic and autonomic systems.

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11
Q

What is the Function of Afferent Nerves?

A

Transmit information from sense organs to brain and spinal cord.

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12
Q

What is the Function of Efferent Nerves?

A

Transmit information from CNS to effectors.

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13
Q

What are the 3 Functions of the Cranial Nerves?

A

Control movements of sensations from head and neck, regulate glandular secretions in head, control visceral functions.

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14
Q

How many Neurons are in the Brain?

A

10 to 100 billion.

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15
Q

What are the Different Sides of the Brain Used for?

A 
Right = Spatial awareness
Left = Language
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16
Q

How does the Cortex Affect Behaviour?

A

Large cortex = flexibility of behaviour.

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17
Q

What is the Function of the Basal Ganglia?

A

Regulation and smoothing of movement, beside thalamus.

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18
Q

What is the Function of Primary Areas of the Cortex?

A

Basic sensory input and motor output.

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19
Q

What is the Function of Association Areas of the Cortex?

A

Elaboration or “higher functions”.

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20
Q

How is Cortical Space Allocated in the Primary Motor Area?

A

Based on preciseness of movement.

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21
Q

How is Cortical Space Allocated in the Primary Sensory Areas?

A

Most sensitive parts of body receive more cortical space.

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22
Q

How is Hemiplegia Caused?

A

Damage to contralateral motor cortex.

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23
Q

What is Important to Remember about Higher Functions of the Brain?

A

They require multiple areas of the brain to be at work.

24
Q

How is Visual Agnosia Caused?

A

Damage to occipital cortex, parts of temporal and parietal lobes.

25
Q

How does Visual Agnosia Affect Drawing Ability?

A

Copying individual parts ok, but can’t integrate into whole picture.

26
Q

What Happens as a Result of Damage to the Prefrontal Cortex?

A

Decrease in response inhibition, can’t plan, appear uninvolved, psychopathic.`

27
Q

When did Lobotomy of Frontal Lobes Stop?

A

1950s.

28
Q

What Happens as a Result of Apraxia?

A

No initiation/organisation of actions, can’t perform well known actions - fragmented and disorganised.

29
Q

What is Broca’s Area Responsible for?

A

Speech production.

30
Q

What is Wernicke’s Area Responsible for?

A

Speech comprehension.

31
Q

What is the Arcuate Fasciculus Responsible for?

A

Connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas.

32
Q

What is the Angular Gyrus Responsible for?

A

Reading.

33
Q

What is the Result of Neglect Syndrome?

A

Damaged right side = neglect left sides of space.

34
Q

Why is Neglect Asymmetrical?

A

Right side controls attention to both sides of space, left side controls attention to right side only.

35
Q

What is the Purpose of Split Brain Surgery?

A

Relieves intractable, multifocal epilepsy - prevents seizures spreading through the brain by separating hemispheres.

36
Q

What is an Example of the Split Brain?

A

Ball in right hemisphere, speech in left, can’t name ball but can easily name banana in left hemisphere.

37
Q

What does Having a ‘Split Brain’ Mean?

A

Right brain can understand, but can’t speak.

38
Q

What Happens as a Result of Callosal Agenesis?

A

Inter-hemispheric transmission takes 20-30ms instead of 4-6ms.

39
Q

What is the Function of Dendrites?

A

Receive nerve impulses from other neurons.

40
Q

What is the Function of Axons?

A

Transmit nerve impulses.

41
Q

What is the Function of Axon Terminals?

A

Secrete neurotransmitters in synapse.

42
Q

What Path do Motor Neurons Follow?

A

CNS, spinal cord, muscle fibre.

43
Q

What Path do Sensory Neurons Follow?

A

Sense organ, brain (spinal cord).

44
Q

What Path do Interneurons Follow?

A

Between other neurons (computation).

45
Q

What do Glial Cells Become?

A

Scaffolding for mature neurons, repair when tissue is damaged.

46
Q

What is the Resting Potential of Axons?

A

-70mV.

47
Q

What Causes an Action Potential?

A

Pulse applied that exceeds excitation threshold (-55mV), inside swings positive relative to outside.

48
Q

What does Resting Potential Depend on?

A

Na+ outside the cell membrane.

49
Q

What Happens After a Pulse?

A

Ion channels open, Na+ pours into cell, reversing voltage difference, Na+ chambers then close, K+ leaves cell to restore original voltage difference.

50
Q

What is the Lock and Key Model?

A

Neurotransmitter molecules only affect the postsynaptic membrane if the molecule shape fits into certain synaptic receptors.

51
Q

How do Neurotransmitters Work in the Synapse?

A

Inactivated by “cleanup” enzymes, reused in synaptic re-uptake.

52
Q

How do Drugs Work in the Synapse?

A

Stimulate/inhibit neurotransmitter release, stimulate/block postsynaptic receptor molecules, inhibit uptake.

53
Q

What is an Example of an Agonist?

A

Black widow venom - acetylcholine forced to keep releasing until exhaustion.

54
Q

What is an Example of a Drug Stimulator?

A

Nicotine stimulates acetylcholine receptors - mimics acetylcholine.

55
Q

What is an Example of a Drug Blocker?

A

Curare - blocks acetylcholine receptors on muscle fibres - suffocation.

56
Q

What is an Example of a Drug Preventing Re-uptake?

A

Cocaine - affects arousal.

57
Q

What are some Examples of Agonists?

A

Prozac, Valium, Heroin.

Psych 109 (9 decks)

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