Memory Short Answers

Question 1

How do Skin Conductance Responses Work for Normal Brains?

Answer 1

Chose good decks without awareness of the situation.

Question 2

How do Skin Conductance Responses Work for Damaged Frontal Lobe Brains?

Answer 2

Didn’t make good choices even with awareness of situation.

Question 3

What are 2 Pieces of Evidence that show Blindsight is Mental?

Answer 3

Can discriminate line orientation in ‘blind field’ and striped patterns from grey patches.

Question 4

What were Chalmer’s 2 Easy Problems of Consciousness?

Answer 4

Non-conscious vs conscious perception/learning.

Question 5

What were Chalmer’s Hard Problems of Consciousness?

Answer 5

Subjective experience, raw feel of things.

Question 6

What are the Different Perspectives of Dennet and Chalmer’s in terms of Intuition?

Answer 6

C - appeals to our intuitions

D - our intuitions may be unreliable.

Question 7

What Happens during Stage 1 of Sleep?

Answer 7

5 mins, deep breathing, theta waves.

Question 8

What Happens during Stage 2 of Sleep?

Answer 8

20 mins, sleep spindles.

Question 9

What Happens during Stages 3 and 4 of Sleep?

Answer 9

Slow wave, body temp decreases.

Question 10

What Happens during REM Sleep?

Answer 10

Rapid eye movements, muscles relaxed, hard to awaken, heart beat/breathing irregular.

Question 11

What is the Aim of Brain-Computer Interfaces?

Answer 11

Communication and therapeutic improvement.

Question 12

What does Storage Depend on?

Answer 12

Attention, may fade over time.

Question 13

What Happened during Sperling’s Experiment on Sensory Memory?

Answer 13

Display flashed quickly, usually only 4 letters remembered. If a cue is given, entire row can be remembered.

Question 14

What is Another Name for Sensory Memory: Visual?

Answer 14

Iconic memory.

Question 15

What is Another Name for Sensory Memory: Auditory?

Answer 15

Echoic memory.

Question 16

What is the Cocktail Party Problem?

Answer 16

Switching attention between auditory streams - can still pick up a little bit of ignored streams.

Question 17

What are the 4 Mental Processes Taking Place in Working Memory?

Answer 17

Mental arithmetic, mental time travel, general conversation, mental rotation.

Question 18

What are the 3 Components of Working Memory?

Answer 18

Visuospatial sketchpad, central executive, articulatory loop.

Question 19

What are the 2 Kinds of Rehearsal?

Answer 19

Maintenance, elaborative.

Question 20

How does Transfer to Long Term Memory Occur?

Answer 20

Physio-chemical process, partly dependent on hippocampus.

Question 21

How can Primacy Effect be Reduced?

Answer 21

Speeding presentation, allowing less time for rehearsal.

Question 22

How can Recency Effect be Reduced?

Answer 22

Delay, because STM fades away.

Question 23

What is Super-Memory Often Associated with?

Answer 23

Deficits in other areas.

Question 24

Why does Emotion Enhance Memory?

Answer 24

Hippocampus is next to the amygdala, which is the emotional centre.

Question 25

What is Mental Time Travel?

Answer 25

Replaying the past, pre-playing the future - using the hippocampus.

Question 26

How is the Brain Activated when Remembering vs. Predicting?

Answer 26

The same way, but hippocampus can tell past from future.

Question 27

How do Alcohol and Alzheimer's Affect the Hippocampus?

Answer 27

They cause Atrophy.

Question 28

What is the 'Memory Gene'?

Answer 28

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).

Question 29

How does the 'Memory Gene' Work?

Answer 29

Two alleles - Met and Val - those with Met may have better episodic memory.

Question 30

How do Rhymes Assist Memory?

Answer 30

Provides redundancy, adds predictability.

Question 31

What was Pavlov's Example of Classical Conditioning?

Answer 31

Linking food with sound of a metronome, so that the metronome induced salivation even when no food was present.

Question 32

What are the 3 Differences between Controlled Processing and Automatic Processing?

Answer 32

C - attention required, one at a time, easily disrupted, becomes automatic with practice A - no attention, parallel processing, less easily interrupted

Question 33

What is Semantic Memory?

Answer 33

"Knowing", like a dictionary, learned at school, large robust storage.

Question 34

What is Episodic Memory?

Answer 34

"Remembering", like a diary, based on personal experience, can be replayed, fragile storage, can be inaccurate.

Question 35

What Happens if the Hippocampus is Destroyed?

Answer 35

You lose your memories.

Question 36

How does the Episodic Memory Circuit Work?

Answer 36

Puts together the information needed to reconstruct past memories from other parts of the brain.

Question 37

What Happened to Clive Wearing when his Hippocampus was Destroyed?

Answer 37

Could still play piano - working, semantic, implicit memories still intact.

Question 38

What Happened to Henry Molaison when his Hippocampus was Removed?

Answer 38

Loss of autobiographical memory, other forms of memory still intact, skill learning still intact.