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Term 3 FINALS > Neuroscience Lecture final > Flashcards

Neuroscience Lecture final Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate, putamen, globius pallidus (subthalamus, substantia nigra, amygdala)

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2
Q

Where does afferent input come from to the basal ganglia?

A

cortex

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3
Q

Where is the major efferent target of the basal ganglia?

A

striatum (caudate and putamen)

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4
Q

Does the basal ganglia circuit run ipsilateral or contralateral to the cortex?

A

ipsilateral

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5
Q

What are the MAJOR neurotransmitters involved?

Which are excitatory? Where?

Which are inhibitory? Where?S

A

Glutamate (excitatory) - Cortex

GABA (inhibitory) - Basal Ganglia

dopamine (D1=excitatory, D2=inhibitory) - Midbrain nuclei

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6
Q

How can the SNpc act both in a facilitatory and inhibitory manner?

A

Striato-thalamo-cortical=direct D1 receptor (excitatory)

Cortex-Neostriatum-GPE-Subthal-GPI-Thal-Cortex=Indirect, D2 receptor inhibitory

*Dopaminergic systems (recursive circuit)

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7
Q

What are the fiber pathways called that carry information to the thalamus?

What is the specific name of this nucleus?

A

Ansa lenticularis

lenticular fasciculus

thalamic fasciculus

GPM (nucleus)

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8
Q

What type of neurons die first in Parkinson’s disease (PD)?

A

Begins with SNpc cell death

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9
Q

What type of neurons die first in Huntington’s disease (HD)?

A

Both D1 and D2

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10
Q

What are the major symptoms of PD?

A

Resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, hypokenesia

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11
Q

How can you explain some PD symptoms with the direct/indirect circuitry of the basal ganglia?

A

PD specifically affects the direct pathway and shifts the preference to the indirect pathway; this explains the hypokinetic phenotype, not the resting tremor

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12
Q

What happens with long-¬‐term meds?

A

Long term meds (L-dopa) can lead to dyskinesia

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13
Q

What are the major symptoms of HD?

What is the cause?

A

Chorea (random involuntary flicking movements)

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14
Q

How can you explain some HD symptoms with the direct/indirect circuitry of the
basal ganglia?

A

Indirect pathway is diminished relative to direct pathway

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15
Q

What other functions does the basal ganglia serve?

A

oculomotor loop, cognitive/prefrontal loop, limbic loop

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16
Q

How do these mechanistically compare to the motor control circuit of the basal ganglia?

A

These provide fine control of motor system

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17
Q

What are other motor dysfunctions associated with basal ganglia damage?

A

Cerebral palsy, tourettes syndrome (limbic loop)

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18
Q

What vesicle does the cerebellum develop from?

What is the name of the area of this vesicle from which it develops?

What other structure develops from this vesicle?

A

Alar plate

Develops from rhombic lip

?

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19
Q

What are the 3 longitudnal zones of the cerebellum?

What are the names of the zones divided by the posterior and posteriolateral fissures?

A

Lateral zone, intermediate zone, vermis

Lateral zone, intermediate zone, vermis (?)

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20
Q

What are the vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum and cerebrocerebellum?

A

vestibulocerebellum= archiCerebellum

spinocerebellum= paleoCerebellum

cerebrocerebellum= neoCerebellum

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21
Q

What tracts travel through the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

A

vestibulocerebellar tract

spinocerebellar tract

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22
Q

What tracts travel through the middle cerebellar peduncle?

A

Cortico-ponto-cerebellar tract

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23
Q

What tracts travel through the superior cerebellar peduncle?

A

Ventral spinocerebellar

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24
Q

What are the major targets of fibers exiting the inferior and superior peduncles?

A

Red nucleus, thalamus

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25
Q

What is the origin of mossy fibers?

What is the origin of Climbing fibers?

A

All extrinsic inputs except those from the inferior olive

IO - Inferior olivary nucleus

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26
Q

What are the three layers in the cerebellar cortex?

A

Molecular Layer, Purkinje Cell Layer, Granular Layer

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27
Q

What are the efferent targets of purkinje cells?

What are the efferent targets of Granule cells?

A

climbing and mossy fibers

parallel fibers

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28
Q

What are the modulatory cells of the cerebellum called?

A

Granule cells, purkinje cells, stellate cells, basket cells, golgi II cells

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29
Q

What kind of neurotransmitters are primarily used by the different cerebellar cell types?

A

GABA, glutamate

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30
Q

What are the names of the deep cerebellar nuclei?

How are they organized longitudinally?

A

Dentate (most lateral), Fastigial (most medial)

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31
Q

Describe the vestibular pathway to the cerebellum

A

input through inferior peduncle as mossy fibers –> flocculonodular lobe –> fastigial nucleus –> vestibular nuclei and reticular formation = eye movements

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32
Q

Describe the trunk and limb posture pathway to the cerebellum

A

spinocerebellar tract –> input through inferior peduncle as mossy fibers –> vermis –> fastigial nucleus –> vestibular nuclei and reticular formation = walking, posture, eye movements

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33
Q

Describe the coordinated and cortically processed motor activity pathway to the cerebellum

A

input through middle peduncle as mossy fibers –> cerebro-ponto-cerebellar –> lateral/intermediate zones –> dentate and interposed nuclei -> red nucleus and IO = voluntary movement and motor learning

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34
Q

What is spinocerebellar ataxia?

Causes?

Symptoms?

A

progressive degeneration & subsequent loss of neurons

-from genetic disease w/ dominant inheritance or unknown cause

?

?

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35
Q

What are the major arterial supplies to the cerebellum?

A

PICA, AICA, SCA

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36
Q

What other brainstem areas could be affected in the case of ischemia?

A

?

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37
Q

Describe the symptoms of PICA syndrome

A

Sudden dizziness and vomiting, ipsi facial numbness, contra sensory deficits

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38
Q

Describe the symptoms/causes of anterior lobe syndrome

A

Causes: Malnutrition from chronic alcoholism

Symptoms: Broad, staggering gait and ataxia

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39
Q

Describe the symptoms of neocerebellar syndrome

A

hypotonia, hyporeflexia, dysmetria, intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesia

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40
Q

Which are the structures of the diencephalon?

A

1: epithalmus
2: subthalmus
3: hypothalmus
4: thalmus

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41
Q

What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

What inhibits this hormone’s synthesis?

A

melatonin

inhibited by light

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42
Q

Which sensory pathway doesn’t have to relay in the thalamus before it gets to the cortex?

A

• olfaction

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43
Q

What are the major neurotransmitters of the thalamus?

A

• Glutamate, GABA, Ach, others are NE, serotonin, and histamine/dopamine produced in brain stem

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44
Q

Which thalamic nuclei are concerned with vision?

A

lateral postierior and pulvinar and lateral geniculate (relay)

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45
Q

Which structure provides afferent info to the VA nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Afferent = Globus pallidus

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46
Q

Which thalamic nucleus would receive nociceptive info regarding the face?

A

• VPM, trigeminalthalamic tract:

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47
Q

What is the major neurotransmitter released by NRT neurons in the thalamus?

A

• GABA

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48
Q

Which nucleus is associated with the auditory system?

A

medial geniculate

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49
Q

What is the difference between relay and association nuclei?

A

Relay = Receive well-defined bundles of specific input fibers and project to particular functional areas of the cerebral cortex

Association = Receive their major contingent of specific inputs from the cerebral cortex itself

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50
Q

Which symptoms are associated with the “thalamic syndrome”?

A

• Major damage to VPL/VPM, thalamic pain Central pain from otherwise painless tactile stimulus tensive damage also
cause atax ia and tactile insensitivity. Together with thalamic pain = “thalamic syndrome” Occurs contralateral to lesion

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51
Q

these questions suck

A

blah blah blah

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52
Q

What type of EEG waves would you expect to see of someone in a very deep, restorative sleep?

A
  • Alpha waves = quiet wakefulness very active
  • Beta waves = awake, high activity
  • Theta waves = light sleep
  • Delta waves = deep sleep
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53
Q

On what cortical layer (I thorough VI) do thalamocortical relay neurons normally terminate?

A

Layer 4 of the cortex

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54
Q

How does the ascending reticular activating system affect thalamocortical activity?

A

?

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55
Q

Which behaviors are associated with hypothalamic control?

A

Brain center for homeostasis: Ingestive, reproductive, and defensive behaviors or feeding, fighting, fleeing and mat ing

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56
Q

Which division of the hypothalamus is involved with parasympathetic activity?

A

Ant hypothalamus: parasympathetic

57
Q

What divisions of the hypothalamus are divided by the fornix?

A

Medial and Lateral hypothalamus

58
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei are part of the neurohypophysis?

A

2 hypothalamic nuclei: supraoptic and paraventricular –magnocellular

59
Q

What hypothalamic nucleus releases dopamine to regulate prolactin release?

A

arcuate nucleus

60
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

a projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs

61
Q

How does the OVLT help regulate blood osmolarity?

A

receptors in SFO and OVLT lead to depolarization of supraoptic and paraventricular neurons that secrete ADH

62
Q

Which structures are circumventricular organs?

A

Neuronal and glial structures that about capillaries and aren’t protected by BBB there are 6 in the brain
• OVLT (Organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis),
• Neurohypophysis,
• Median Eminence (base of hypothalamus),
• Pineal gland
• SFO (subfornical organ),
• Area postrema

63
Q

What is the vascular supply for the adenohypophysis?

A

Internal carotid artery branches into the superior hypophyseal artery

64
Q

Which would be a hormone typically found in the adenohypophysis?

A

Prolactin, FSH, LH, GH, ACTH, TRH, GnRH

65
Q

In what hypothalamic nucleus is the body’s master circadian clock?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

66
Q

What nucleus is the brain’s satiety center?

A

ventromedial nucleus

67
Q

What is the median forebrain bundle?

A

connects brainstem tegmentum with basal forebrain

68
Q

What function does histamine have in the brain?

A

histamine is involved in being awake and alert

69
Q

What causes narcolepsy?

A

loss of Orexin neurons causes narcolepsy

70
Q

Which hypothalamic nucleus is a major control center for the autonomic nervous system?

A

paraventricular nucleus

71
Q

What are the subregions of the hippocampal formation?

A

Papez circuit?

72
Q

How many layers/lamina are there in the hippocampus proper?

A

?3?

73
Q

What is the basic order of the perforant pathway?

A

Information arises in the entorhinal cortex à dentate à CA3 à CA1 à subiculum àoutput back to entorhinal cortex.

74
Q

What are the different structures where you’ll find granule cells?

A

cerebellum, dentate gyrus, hippocampus, olfactory bulb and cerebral cortex

75
Q

Describe the process of LTP

A

?

76
Q

From the hippocampus, where does the fornix terminate?

A

Fornix terminates in mammillary nucleus of hypothalamus, septal area and basal forebrain.

77
Q

Which structures are in the Papez circuit?

A

cingulate gyrus (parahippocampal region), hippocampus, fornix, mamillary body, ant. nucleus of the thalamus and cingulate gyrus

78
Q

Which behaviors are associated with the amygdala?

A

Fear

79
Q

Describe the difference between the direct and indirect routes in the amygdala

A

direct pathway= visceral response (Fast response)

indirect pathway= basolateral nucleus to central nucleus (slow response)

80
Q

What is the name of a fiber bundle carrying information from the amygdala?

A

Stria terminalis

81
Q

Why might you want to pay attention to changes in the olfactory system over the course of your lifetime?

A

Diminished sense of smell or olfactory hallucinations are often early signs of a neurodegenerative disease.

82
Q

What type of cells in the olfactory system are the primary sensory receptors?

A

Bipolar cells

83
Q

Which are the support cells in the olfactory system?

A

mitral cell, bipolar cell, granule cell, periglomular cell

84
Q

Where are the cell bodies of mitral cells located?

A

in the olfactory bulb

85
Q

What type of receptors signal odorant binding?

A

G protein coupled receptor

86
Q

Olfactory information is represented cortically on the ipsilateral side, contralateral side, or bilaterally?

A

Information from one nostril travels to contralateral nostril, otherwise all pathways are ipsilateral.

87
Q

What fiber tract is used to localize odor information?

A

Anterior commissure

88
Q

What cranial nerve innervates taste receptors on circumvallate papillae?

A

Lingual branch of CN IX

89
Q

Where are the fungiform papillae located on the tongue?

A

Chorda tympani branch of CN VII

90
Q

Which of the following cranial nerves does not code for any gustatory info?

A

CN XI

91
Q

What type of ions are used in detecting sour taste?

Salty?

A

H+ ions

Nat+ ions

92
Q

What is the main ligand binding to umami-detecting receptors?

A

Amino acids, involves GPCRs

93
Q

Which cortical area is the primary gustatory center?

A

Located in Brodmann’s area 36 and the insula-­‐operculum regions of cortex.

94
Q

Which thalamic nucleus serves as the relay in the gustatory pathway?

A

nucleus of the solitary tract

95
Q

What happens to the orientation of an image passing through a biconvex lens?

A

A convex lens will invert an image

96
Q

What is the term for vision where the images is focused before the retina due to the eyeball being relatively too long?

A

Myopia (Nearsightedness)

97
Q

What color is the macula lutea?

A

Yellow

98
Q

What gives the macula lutea this color?

A

Yellow because of cones

99
Q

What cell type IS / is not found in the retina?

A 
IS..
• Rods 
• Cones 
• Bipolar cells (– On biploar / – Off bipolar ) 
• Retinal ganglion cells (RGC’s) 
• Horizontal cells 
• Amacrine cells 
• Pigment epithelium
100
Q

Which retinal cell types are actually neurons?

A

Retinal ganglion cells (RGC’s)

101
Q

What is the major neurotransmitter in the retina?

A

GLUTAMATE

102
Q

How many types of cone pigments are there in a normal human eye?

A

Three types of cone pigments : Blue , Green, Red Cones

103
Q

What does the term “dark current” reference in photo transduction?

A

Light inhibits transduction

104
Q

What is the role of horizontal cells?

A

these cells help the eye to see under both bright and dim conditions

105
Q

What is the role of Amacrine cells?

A

these are responsible for about 70% of input in to the retinal ganglion

106
Q

What is the role of Bipolar cells?

A

transfer about 30% of the information from the rods and cones to the retinal ganglion cells

107
Q

What is the role of Retinal ganglion cells?

A

these cells recieve sensory information from the photoreceptor and project image forming and non image forming info to the thalamus, hypothalamus and the mesencephalon

108
Q

The left LGN contains information from which of the following areas?

A

Each side of LGN contains info from both retinas

109
Q

What Broadmann’s Area is the Primary Visual Area (V-1)?

A

Area 17

110
Q

How are ocular dominance columns organized?

A

?

111
Q

An image in your left, superior visual field would be expressed where in V1 in regards to laterality and the calcarine sulcus?

A

Primary visual cortex :

  • LEFT visual field in RIGHT eye and LEFT visual field in LEFT eye are both sent to the BRAIN
  • LEFT visual field in RIGHT eye and LEFT visual field in LEFT eye sent to the RIGHT side of the RETINA
112
Q

What type of info is in the ventral stream of the visual pathway?

A

Image properties

113
Q

Damage to the left Meyer’s loop will cause what kind of visual dysfunction?

A

Quadrantanopia

114
Q

Damage to the optic chiasm will cause what kind of visual dysfunction?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

115
Q

What is a target of the non-thalamic retinal pathways?

A
  • Hypothalamus: circadian entrainment (what time a day?)

* Pretectal nuclei: autonomic responses • Superior colliculus: orientation toward visual stimuli

116
Q

What cortical area controls voluntary fixation?

A

Controlled by secondary visual cortex

117
Q

What area controls the optokinetic reflex?

A

Controlled by Superior Colliculus

118
Q

Which muscle(s) IS / is not innervated by the oculomotor nucleus?

A

IS..

Superior oblique and lateral rectus

119
Q

What kind of sensory information reaches the superior colliculus

A
  • Conscious vision
  • There are retinotoptic maps in the superior colliculus
  • There are also maps for auditory and tactile stimuli in the superior colliculus
120
Q

How many semicircular canals are there?

A

3

121
Q

Which structure is a part of the kinetic labyrinth?

A

Ampula, Christa, Cupula, Semilunar canals

122
Q

Which structure is part of the static labyrinth?

A

Macula, Saccule, Utricle, Otoconia

123
Q

On what layer does the organ of corti sit atop

A

Basilar membrane

124
Q

On what layer do hair cells of the organ of corti contact superiorly?

A

Tectorial membrane

125
Q

Endolymph has a high concentration of which ion?

A

Potassium(K+)

126
Q

What is the name of the substance that moves the stereocilia in the kinetic labyrinth?

A

endolymph

127
Q

What is the name of the substance that moves the stereocilia in the static labyrinth?

A

Otoconia-­‐ contains calcium carbonate

128
Q

Vertical acceleration is detected by hair cells on which structure?

A

saccule

129
Q

What is the name of the pathway responsible for maintaining tone in anti-gravity/extensor muscles?

A

Lateral vestibulospinal tract

130
Q

Which vestibular nucleus is involved with the head jerk reflex upon tripping?

A

Medial vestibular nucleus

131
Q

What are the ossicles?

A

malleus, the incus and the stapes of the middle ear

132
Q

What cranial nerve is involves with the stapedial reflex?

A

CN 7

133
Q

Which cranial nerve is involved with the reflex mediated by the tensor tympani?

A

CN5

134
Q

How does the auditory system have a tonotopic map?

A

short stiff fibers increase progressivley from proximal to distal and the diameters increase. short stiff fibers respond to high frequencies while long, flexible fibers respond to low frequencies. this is what creates the tonotopic map

135
Q

What is the pathway for auditory info to reach the brain from the periphery?

A

spiral ganglia –> superior olivary nucleus –> inferior colliculus –> MGN of the thalamus –> primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus)

136
Q

What is the difference between the lateral lemniscus and medial lemniscus?

A
  • medial lemniscus = for proprioceptive and touch sensation from the opposite side of the body, below the head
  • lateral lemniscus = for hearing impulses from both ears (mainly the opposite side
137
Q

What is the major role of outer hair cells?

A

they recieve efferent info from the olivocochlear system; when theres a loud noise, outter hair cells become contractile in order to prevent damage.

138
Q

Does auditory info travel ipsilaterally? Bilaterally?

Contraleterally?

A

signals from both ears are transmitted bilaterally.

  • it favors the contralateral side

Term 3 FINALS (4 decks)

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