Neuroscience

Question 1

Cranial nerves

Answer 1

Question 2

Innervation of the tongue

Answer 2

Question 3

Cranial nerve best associated with temporal hemianopia

Answer 3

Optic nerve

Question 4

Failure of downward gaze during adduction

Answer 4

Trochlear nerve (SO)

Question 5

Eye deviated toward the nose (pathology)

Answer 5

Abducens

Question 6

Paralysis of the eyelid

Answer 6

Occulomotor

Question 7

Loss of taste posterior 1/3

Answer 7

Glossopharyngeal

Question 8

Positive Weber’s test

Answer 8

Vestibulocochlear

Question 9

Deviation of uvula when patient says ‘aagh’

Answer 9

Vagus nerve

Question 10

Innervates muscles of the tongue

Answer 10

Hyloglossal

Question 11

Innervation mylohyloid

Answer 11

Trigeminal

Question 12

Innervation of platysma

Answer 12

Facial

Question 13

Levator palpebrae superioris

Answer 13

Occulomotor

Question 14

Innervates retinal ganglion layer

Answer 14

Optic

Question 15

Innervates gingivae

Answer 15

Trigeminal

Question 16

Taste anterior 2/3 tongue

Answer 16

Facial

Question 17

Innervates pharynx

Answer 17

Vagus

Question 18

Alien Hand Syndrom

Answer 18

Person’s hand takes on a mind of its own

Generally aware that they ‘own’ the limb, don’t have control over what it does

Corpus callosum

Frontal lobe (Infarction)-> instinctive attraction

Parietal land occipital lobes-> instinctive avoidance

Corticobasal degeneration

(Anarchic hand or Dr Strangelove syndrome)

Question 19

Neuroacanthocytosis

Answer 19

Genetically diverse condition complicated by movement disorders, neurological problems and spicculated RBCs

Involuntary/slow movement, posture and skeletal related abnormalities, weakness, cognitive impairment, psychiatric

Hereditary- rare

Question 20

Kuffs disease

Answer 20

Lysosomal storage disease

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofucinoses

NCL- 2-4/100 000

1.3-10% of NCL

Type A- seizures, uncontrollable myoclonic jerks, dementia, ataxia, tremors, tics and dysarthria

Type B- same, but no dementia or dysarthria

Question 21

Anatomy of cranial fossae

Answer 21

Question 22

Hypothalmic-pituitary hormones

Answer 22

Question 23

NREM sleep: stages, parasympathetic activity vs sympathetic, EECG wave form

Answer 23

Stage 1: transition period, low V mixed F EEG- slow eye rolls

Stage 2: Most sleep, thalamo-cortical circuits involved, complex wax and wane

Stage 3: High A delta waves, release of hormones GHRH, prolactin

Stage 4: High amp delta waves >50% of time

Ocassional involuntary movements, thoughts logical/repetitive, dull sensations, parasympathetic activity

Preoptic area neurons inhibit ascending arousal system

Question 24

EEG findings in dementia

Answer 24

Early dementia- resting alpha frequency declines, polymorphic picture

Question 25

EEG wave forms

Answer 25

Delta- highest amplitude, infants and sleeping adults

Theta- high amphitude (children +NREM)

Alpha- high F (resting)

Beta- highest F (awake and REM)

Question 26

EEG in CJD

Answer 26

repetitive pattern of bilateral synchronous periodic epileptiform discharges, triphasic waves

Question 27

EEG in herpes encephalitis

Answer 27

temporal intermittent rhythmic delta slowing (TIRDA; see the second image below), nonrhythmic temporal slowing, and frontotemporal slowing are characteristic; a periodic pattern may develop as the disease evolves.

Question 28

EEG in fibromyalgia

Answer 28

Altered theta oscillations

Question 29

EEG in Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

Answer 29

The EEG picture is characterised by periodic complexes consisting of bilaterally symmetrical, synchronous, high voltage (200–500 mv) bursts of polyphasic, stereotyped delta waves. Waveforms remain identical in any given lead. These periodic complexes repeat at fairly regular 4–10 second intervals and have 1:1 relationship with myoclonic jerks