Developmental psychology

Question 1

According to Kohlberg, which developmental stage represents the level of moral reasoning typical of most adolescent and adults

Answer 1

Conventional

Question 2

According to piaget, which stage of development occurs from puberty onwards

Answer 2

Formal operational

Question 3

According to Stroufe and Rutter, children are not just passive rectors to the demands of environment. Development consists of reorganisation of previous elements, skill and behaviour, not linear. They refer to this as:

Answer 3

Directedness

Question 4

According to Frued, individuals stuck in which phase of development may become overly dependent upon others, gullible and perpetual follower

Answer 4

Oral

Question 5

Key personality dimensions common to every person

Answer 5

Nomothetic

Question 6

Individuals lie on dimension, and can use standardised questionaire/observation system

Answer 6

Nomothetic

Question 7

Re personality- on this approach, some people have sense of humor that is strong, others have a weak sense of humour

Answer 7

Nomothetic

Question 8

Assessing personality as binary

Answer 8

Kelly’s construct

Question 9

Study of personality- under approach a person can have unique characteristics

Answer 9

Idiographic

Question 10

Model of personality- aspects of personality assessed along dimensional measures

Answer 10

Eysenck’s model of personality

Question 11

“Human’s as scientists”

Answer 11

Kelly’s construct

Question 12

Theory- personality is about how people see themselves, their self image and interactions with others in the world

Answer 12

Carl Roger

Question 13

Maslow’s heirachy of needs

Answer 13

1. Physiological needs - these are biological requirements for human survival, e.g. air, food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, sleep.

If these needs are not satisfied the human body cannot function optimally. Maslow considered physiological needs the most important as all the other needs become secondary until these needs are met.

2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear.
3. Love and belongingness needs - after physiological and safety needs have been fulfilled, the third level of human needs is social and involves feelings of belongingness. The need for interpersonal relationships motivates behavior

Examples include friendship, intimacy, trust, and acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love. Affiliating, being part of a group (family, friends, work).

4. Esteem needs - which Maslow classified into two categories: (i) esteem for oneself (dignity, achievement, mastery, independence) and (ii) the desire for reputation or respect from others (e.g., status, prestige).

Maslow indicated that the need for respect or reputation is most important for children and adolescents and precedes real self-esteem or dignity.

5. Self-actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. A desire “to become everything one is capable of becoming”(Maslow, 1987, p. 64).

Question 14

Wilfred Bion

Answer 14

Experiences in groups
-group processes in group dynamics
-the work group vs the basic assumption group
-assumptions which interfere with group tasks, dependency, , fight-flight, pairing
Theory of thinking
Reverie- the capacity of the mother to sense what is going on insider the infant.
Bion is best known for the work stemming from his psychoanalysis of patients in psychotic states, by building on and expanding Klein’s concepts of projective identification and the two positions, paranoid-schizoid and depressive, in dynamic equilibrium, and by introducing the notion of Container-Contained (♀ ♂); and by elaborating a theory of thinking with emotional experience at its core. His best-known work, in addition to Experiences in Groups and other papers, are the four books of the sixties - Learning from Experience, Elements of Psycho-Analysis, Transformations, and Attention and Interpretation.

Question 15

Anna freud

Answer 15

Daydreaming and fantasies
Ego function
Defence mechanisms
Ego and normal "Developmental lines"
1936, with ‘The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence’,

Question 16

Siefgried Heinfrich Foulker

Answer 16

Group Analysis Founder
-values communication, relationship, dialogue, exchange
Early works with WW2 soldiers
Regarded groups as basic to human existence
All individuals born into social groups that shape us in conscious and unconscious ways

Question 17

Irvin Yalom

Answer 17

Existential psychotherapy
Existential psychology
-Four givens of the human condition to which repsond functionally or dysfunctionally
1. Isolation
2. Meaninglessness
3. Mortality
4. Freedom

Question 18

Psychoanalytic theories of kleptomania

Answer 18

Perversion: stolen objects represent fetishes
Defensive strategy: to acquire symbolic penis (in females) or counter castration fears
Self-psychological: response to narcissitic injuries and to counter fragmentation of self
Loss substitution: theft provides compensation for perceived / threatened or actual loss
Drive theory: forbidden drive performed in secret

Question 19

Instillation of hope as a therapeutic factor in groups, is best associated with

Answer 19

Irvin Yalom

Question 20

Founded group analysis

Answer 20

SH Foulkes

Question 21

Good enough mother

Answer 21

Winnicott

Question 22

Were considered, in the past, to be the cause of schizophrenia

Answer 22

Double blind communications

Question 23

Essentially patterns of interaction. The question of looking for a stating point in relationship difficulties seen as unproductive

Answer 23

Circularities

Question 24

An example of these would be how grandparent could seriously undermine and disempower their child (parent) by giving contradictor instruction to their grandchild

Answer 24

Pathalogical triangles

Question 25

The miracle question or “problem is gone” question

Answer 25

Solution-focused

Question 26

A means to counter fragmentation of self

Answer 26

Self-psychological theory

Question 27

A forbidden activity, engaged in secret

Answer 27

Drive theory

Question 28

Engaged in by females to acquire male genitalia

Answer 28

Defensive strategy

Question 29

The stolen object represents a fetish

Answer 29

Perversion