History of psychiatry as a medical specialty

Question 1

Which physician “liberated the insane from their chains”

Answer 1

Phillipe Pinel- made the study of psychiatry a brach of medicine Medico-philisophical treatise on mental alienation

Question 2

When did the specialties of neurology and psychiatry separate

Answer 2

1960

Question 3

Initial meaning of neuroses and who coined the term

Answer 3

1769, Cullen, dysfunction of the nervous system

Question 4

Developments from beginning of 20th century to 2nd world war

Answer 4

1. Kraeplin’s nosological system in 1900, altered in 1911 by Bleuler’s description of SCZ and Jaspers psychopathological perspective
2. Overpopulation of asylums
3. Specialist training for psychiatrist
4. Focus on social factors, mental health (Adolf Meyer)

Question 5

Expansion of psychiatry after 1945

Answer 5

1. Recognition of mental health as important task by govnt
2. New perspectives- biopsychosocial
3. The psychodynamic wave-> psychoanalysts of Germany forced out to USA
4. 1960-> expansion of behavioural and cognitive therapies
5. Social wave> focus on community mental health care, reducing inpatient beds, access to psychiatric care
6. Biological wave-> 1952: chlorpromazine discovered to be beneficial in schizophrenia and mania, 1949 lithium for mania, 1957 imipramine and MOAi

Question 6

Who was Alois Alzheimer

Answer 6

German psychiatris and neuropathologist
Colleague of Emil Kraeplin
Identified “presenile dementia which Kraeplin would later identify as Alzheimer’s

Question 7

Who identified Alzheimers

Answer 7

Emil Kraeplin

Question 8

Who was Durkheim

Answer 8

French Sociologist
Modern social science
Seminal monograph on suicide
Refined the positivism

Question 9

Wilhelm Griesinger

Answer 9

Head of institution for mentally handicapped

Proposed modern model of community care, closure of asylums, recovery model

Question 10

Karl Jaspers

Answer 10

Phenomenology
Documenting and describing link of phenomenology with diagnosis
German
Diagnosis should be based on form, not content
Primary delusions- un-understandable

Question 11

Theodor Meynert

Answer 11

German-Austrian
Brain anatomy, histology, topography
Cerebral-cortext cytoarchictectonics
Theories in regards to correlating neuroanatomy and mental processes
Link between cerebral pathologies and psychoses

Question 12

Franz Nissl

Answer 12

Neuropathologist
Neural connections between cortex and thalamic nuclei
Popularised use of spinal puncture

Question 13

Carl Wernicke

Answer 13

German physician/anatomist/psychiatrist
Brain disease on speech and language
Found damage to L posterior superior temporal gyrus resulted in deficits in language comprehension “Wernicke’s area”

Question 14

Wilhelm Windelband

Answer 14

German
Nomothetic and idiographic measures in psychology
Philosophy should engage in humanistic dialogue with natural sciences and no uncritically appropriating its methodologies

Question 15

Who showed neurological changes in general paralysis different than those in dementia

Answer 15

Nissl

Question 16

Who claimed mental illnesses are brain illnesses

Answer 16

Griesinger

Question 17

Who argued that philosophy should engage in humanistic dialogue with natural sciences rather than uncritically appropriating its methodologies

Answer 17

Windelband

Question 18

Founder of cortex cytoarchtectonics

Answer 18

Meynert

Question 19

Who examined neural connections between human cortex and nuclei

Answer 19

Nissl

Question 20

William Cullen

Answer 20

Scottish proponent of moral treatment

1710-1790

Question 21

Donald Hebb

Answer 21

The organisation of Human Behaviour
Research on interrogation techniques funded by CIA
Canadian psychologist

Question 22

Robert Whytt

Answer 22

On nervous, hypochondriac or hysteric diseases

Question 23

Herbert Graf

Answer 23

Little Hans discussed in Frueds 1909 study Analysis of a phobia in a 5 year old boy

Question 24

Little Albert Experiment (John Watson)

Answer 24

1. Introduction of a loud sound (unconditioned stimulus) resulted in fear (unconditioned response), a natural response
2. Intro of rat (neutral) paired with loud sound resulted in fear
3. Successive intro of rat resulted in fear
   Classical conditioning

Question 25

Harry Stack Sullivan

Answer 25

1892-1949 Advocated for psychotherapy in patients with schizophrenia Interpersonal theory Influenced by Adolf Meyers belief that psychiatric sx represent pathological reaction to personal circumstances

Question 26

Ernst Kretschmer

Answer 26

``` Described schizoid personality Relationship between 3 different physical types and psychological disorder "Short round people-> cyclothymia/BP" "Thin asthenic-> schizophrenia" Failed to control for age ```

Question 27

Nathan Kline

Answer 27

Investigated Reserpine-> found that approx 70% those suffering with Schizophrenia were markedly relieved from their symptoms Investigated properties of iproniazid as antidepressant (MAOi) Psychopharmacology

Question 28

Max Hamilton

Answer 28

Hamilton rating scale for depression, used widely in clinical trials for antidepressants

Question 29

Max Fink

Answer 29

Best known for work on ECT-> founded journal Convulsive Therapy

Question 30

Eugene Bleuler

Answer 30

Coined terms Schizophrenia, Autism | "Ambivalence"

Question 31

Erving Goffman

Answer 31

1922-1982 "Most influential Sociologist of 20th century: Symbiotic interactions, Asylums, Interaction Ritual, Frame analysis, Forms of talk Studied- social interactions, social construction of self, social organisation of experience, stigmas

Question 32

Who described the case of Anna O

Answer 32

Josef Bruer Pseudonym for Bertha Papenheim- case study in book "Studies on Hysteria" Marked beginning of psychoanalysis/free association

Question 33

Who is best associated with "Illness of the nerves"

Answer 33

Robert Wyatt

Question 34

With whom is the development and application of an inverted U-shaped curve to the relationship between performance and anxiety best associated with

Answer 34

Donald Hebb

Question 35

With whom is 'Little Albert' best associated with

Answer 35

John B Watson

Question 36

Who first described the concept of 'Transference'

Answer 36

Freud

Question 37

Who advocated for psychotherapy for patients with SCZ

Answer 37

Harry Stack Sullivan

Question 38

Who argued that mental hospital exercised an ominous kind of control over patients because they functioned as 'total institutions

Answer 38

Erving Goffman

Question 39

Who promoted use of ECT in USA

Answer 39

Max fink

Question 40

Who established concept of 'schizoid personality'

Answer 40

Ernst Kretschmer

Question 41

Who coined the term autism

Answer 41

Eugene Beluler

Question 42

Who introduced reserpine for chronically ill psychiatric patients

Answer 42

Nathan Kline

Question 43

Who is little Hans best associated

Answer 43

Robert Wyatt

Question 44

Plato

Answer 44

Classical Greek philosopher/Maths/Student of socrates Founder of Academy of Athens, Western philosophy and science "Questioned" whether father-son relationship mattered to the way the son turned out

Question 45

Arthur Schopenhauer

Answer 45

German philosopher "World as Will and Representation"- world driven by continually dissatisfied will, seeking satisfaction, influenced by Eastern thought Influential in history of phenomenology "Will to live"

Question 46

Martin Seligman

Answer 46

Psychologist Theory of learned helplessness Positive psychology- The optimistic child, child's play, Learned optimism

Question 47

George Borwn and Tirril Harris

Answer 47

Landmark 1978 study of Social origins of depression Life events as key vulnerability "risk factors" "Life Events and Difficulties Scale" as measure of stressfullness and life events

Question 48

What is Criminal Anthropology

Answer 48

Combination of study of human species and study of criminals- offender profile, links between nature of crime, personality/physical appearance of offender

Question 49

Who coined the term Moral insanity

Answer 49

James Cowels Prichard 1835 Type of mental disorder consisting of emotions and behaviours in the apparent absence of intellectual impairments, delusions or hallucinations. Accepted diagnosis in Europe/America through second half of 19th century

Question 50

Define "Moral insanity"

Answer 50

"Madness consisting in a morbid perversion of the natural feelings, affections, inclinations, temper, habits, moral dispositions and natural impulses, without any insane illusion or hallucinations.

Question 51

Neurasthenia

Answer 51

Described by George Miller Beard in 1869 Physcial and mental exhaustion previously called hypochondriasis Treated by"rest cures", exercise, massage and application of electrical stimuli

Question 52

Who described concept of "Learned Helplessness"

Answer 52

Seligman

Question 53

Who wrote the "Social origins of depression"

Answer 53

Brown and Harris

Question 54

Who's work has found clinical application in body dysmorphic disorder

Answer 54

Morris

Question 55

Who claimed that 'the world is driven by a continually dissatisfied will, continually seeking satisfaction'

Answer 55

Schopenhauer

Question 56

Who is best known for terms nomothetic and idiographic

Answer 56

Windelband

Question 57

Who's views represented an opposition to psychologism and historicism schools by a critical philosophic system

Answer 57

Windelband

Question 58

Who frequently described the father/son relationship in their work

Answer 58

Plato

Question 59

Who is best associated with "A treatise on Insanity"

Answer 59

Pritchard

Question 60

Who is best associated with "Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizphrenia

Answer 60

Bleuler

Question 61

Who is best associated with "The interpretation of Dreams"

Answer 61

Frued

Question 62

Who is best associated with "An introduction to the Physical methods of treatment in psychiatry"

Answer 62

Sargent

Question 63

Who is best associated with "Pyschopathia Sexalis"

Answer 63

Von Kraft-Ebbing

Question 64

What did Raffaele Garofalo describe

Answer 64

Criminal anthropology

Question 65

What book did Jaseph Gall write

Answer 65

Wrote an early book on forensic psychiatry

Question 66

Who wrote "The object of Morality"

Answer 66

GJ Warnock

Question 67

What did Phillippe Pinel describe

Answer 67

Moral insanity