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Uni year 1 > Neuroscience > Flashcards

Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Which mechanoreceptors in the skin are fast adapting?

A

Pacinian corpuscles
Meissner’s corpuscles
Cutaneous thermoceptors

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2
Q

Which mechanoreceptors in the skin are slow adapting?

A

Merkel’s receptors

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3
Q

What type of neurones are nociceptor neurones?

A

A-delta and C

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4
Q

What type of neurones detect touch, proprioception and vibration?

A

A-beta

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5
Q

What type of neurones detect proprioception?

A

A-alpha

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6
Q

What are types of macroglia?

A

Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells
Astrocytes

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7
Q

Why is regeneration not possible in the CNS?

A

There is no endoneurial tube to support regeneration

Signalling in the CNS actively prevents regeneration

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8
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Cells that line the ventricles of the nervous system (fluid filled cavities)
Involved in production of CSF
The cells are ciliated to help circulate the CSF `

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9
Q

What are functions of astrocytes?

A
  • Neural guidance during development
  • Form scaffold of brain and spinal cord
  • Form BBB by froming tight junctions with
    periceytes
  • prevent CNS regeneration by forming scar tissue - damaged cells cause reactive astrogliosis, produce inhibitory molecules that inhibit growth of damaged axons
  • supply neurones with glucose from blood
  • modulate cerebral blood flow
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10
Q

What are microglia?

A

Macrophage cells of the CNS. They have motile processes which monitor the environment and danger signals will trigger transformation. They become activated and may become phagocytic. They are involved in injury response/repair.

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11
Q

How is salt taste detected?

A

A high amount of Na+ (from NaCl) will enter taste cells through channels by diffusion from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This depolarises the cell so a signal can be sent to the brain.

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12
Q

How is sour taste detected?

A

Increased H+ which enters through TRP channels blocks K+ channels, sodium is still entering so this causes depolarisation so signal is sent to brain.

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13
Q

How is sweet taste detected?

A

GPCR
T1R2 and T1R3 subunits
Activates PLC/IP3
Calcium release causes depolarisation

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14
Q

How is bitter taste detected?

A

GPCR
Two T2R subunits
Activates PLC/IP3
Calcium release causes depolarisation

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15
Q

How is umami taste detected?

A

GPCR
T1R1 and T1R3 subunits
Activates PLC/IP3
Calcium release causes depolarisation

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16
Q

What are the cranial nerves involved in gustation?

A

VII - facial
IX - glossopharyngeal
X - vagus

17
Q

What is the process of how smell is detected?

A
  • odorant binds to receptor
  • The receptor is coupled to a G protein –> intracellular cascade
  • Na+ and Ca2+ channels open which causes depolarisation
  • If threshold reached then AP produced
  • From olfactory neurone –> olfactory bulb –> olfactory cortex
18
Q

What are the 3 ossicles called?

A

Stapes
Malleus
Incus

19
Q

What are the ossicles for?

A

Amplification of sound

20
Q

What are the muscles of the middle ear and what are they for?

A

Stapedius muscle and tensor tympani muscle

The attenuation reflex - help ear to adapt to and filter out background noise

21
Q

Where is the eustachian tube and what does it do?

A

Between the nasal cavity and pharynx

Equalises pressure

22
Q

What are the semicircular canals?

A

Part of the vestibular system and are used for balance

23
Q

What are the 3 bony canals and what are they?

A

scala vestibuli
scala tympani
scala media
The 3 canals coil in a snail to make the cochlear

24
Q

Where are different frequencies heard and what is the ability to distinguish between frequencies called?

A

High frequency heard at the base of the cochlear
Low frequencies heard at the apex of the cochlear
Tonotopy

25
Q

How is sound detected?

A
  • Vibrations cause the endolymph in the cochlear to move which causes the basilar membrane to vibrate and bend the stereocilia
  • This opens mechanically gated K+ channels –> K+ influx
  • This opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels
  • Ca2+ influx causes vesickes to fuse with the membrane and release excitatory neurotransmitter
  • NT diffuses across perilymph to the spiral ganglion neurite
  • EPSP produced
26
Q

What is otosclerosis?

A

Deposit of new bone that prevents the footplate of the stapes moving which causes conduction deafness

27
Q

What pigment is found in rods?

A

Rhodopsin

28
Q

What opsins are found in cones?

A

red, green, blue

29
Q

Rod activity in the dark

A

cGMP-gated ion channels open (inotropic)
Na+ influx
depolarisation
glutamate release at synapse to bipolar cells

30
Q

Rod activity in the light

A 
Retinal absorbs light 
Activate opsin
G protein binds to GTP 
Activate PDE 
cGMP breakdown 
close cGMP vhannel
less Na+ influx
hyperpolarisation
decrease in glutamate release

Uni year 1 (19 decks)

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