Drugs part 3

Question 1

What are diuretics?

Answer 1

a drug that increases water/solute excretion, promotes increased production of urine

Question 2

What is an example of an osmotic diuretic?

Answer 2

Mannitol

Question 3

How do osmotic diuretics work?

Answer 3

osmotic diuretics are filtered by the glomerulus but are not readily absorbed, this leads to increase in osmolarity in tubular fluid so less water reuptake.

Question 4

When are osmotic diuretics used?

Answer 4

glaucoma/eye surgery

cerebral oedema

Question 5

What are loop diuretics?

Answer 5

affects loop of Henle

Inhibit Na+Cl-K+ transporter to prevent these ions being reabsorbed

Question 6

When are loop diuretics used?

Answer 6

heart failure
renal failure
hyperkalaemia
hypertension

Question 7

What are thiazides?

Answer 7

Diuretics that act on Na+Cl- transporters in the DCT

need to look at this again

Question 8

What are potassium sparing diuretics?

Answer 8

often used with other diuretics
inhibits aldosterone
receptors found in DCT/collecting duct

Question 9

What is the structure of penicillin?

Answer 9

All have beta-lactam square

cross links hold structure together

Question 10

Penicillin resistance

Answer 10

production of beta-lactamases

Question 11

Which drugs increase permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane?

Answer 11

Polymixin B - against gram negative bacteria

Gramicidin - effective against gram positive bacteria

Question 12

Targets of antibiotics

Answer 12

protein synthesis
inhibit nucleic synthesis
interfere with energy metabolism

Question 13

Which antibiotic inhibits DNA or RNA polymerase in bacteria?

Answer 13

Rifampicin

Question 14

Which antibiotic inhibits DNA gyrase?

Answer 14

quinolones

Question 15

Mechanisms of antibiotics

Answer 15

look at sgt

Question 16

How to target DNA viruses

Answer 16

DNA polymerase inhibitors

Question 17

How to target RNA viruses

Answer 17

reverse transcriptase inhibitors

prevents RNA to DNA copies

Question 18

Antimalarial drugs

Answer 18

chloroquine - prevents polymerisation of haem 
quinine 
mefloquine
artemisinin
primaquine - disrupts mitochondira

Question 19

Molecular targets for general anaesthetics

Answer 19

inhaled agents
GABAa receptor
K+ channel activation
excitatory/inhibitory ligand-gated channels

Question 20

general anaesthetic effect on CNS function

Answer 20

inhibition of synaptic transmission

decrease in neurotransmitter release

Question 21

Stages of anaesthesia

Answer 21

1. analgesia - still consciousness
2. delerium - loss of consciousness, muscle rigidity, cardiac arrhythmias, comiting, choking, dangerous phase
3. surgical anaesthesia - unresponsive to painful stimuli, breathing regular
4. medullary paralysis –> death

Question 22

What is the minimal alveolar concentration?

Answer 22

A measure of anaesthetic potency

It is the concentration of anaesthetic in alveoli required to produce immobility in 50% of patients

Question 23

How does cis-platin work?

Answer 23

Binds covalently to purine DNA bases

Forms intra strand cross link, prevents DNA double strands from separating