Drugs part 3 Flashcards
What are diuretics?
a drug that increases water/solute excretion, promotes increased production of urine
What is an example of an osmotic diuretic?
Mannitol
How do osmotic diuretics work?
osmotic diuretics are filtered by the glomerulus but are not readily absorbed, this leads to increase in osmolarity in tubular fluid so less water reuptake.
When are osmotic diuretics used?
glaucoma/eye surgery
cerebral oedema
What are loop diuretics?
affects loop of Henle
Inhibit Na+Cl-K+ transporter to prevent these ions being reabsorbed
When are loop diuretics used?
heart failure
renal failure
hyperkalaemia
hypertension
What are thiazides?
Diuretics that act on Na+Cl- transporters in the DCT
need to look at this again
What are potassium sparing diuretics?
often used with other diuretics
inhibits aldosterone
receptors found in DCT/collecting duct
What is the structure of penicillin?
All have beta-lactam square
cross links hold structure together
Penicillin resistance
production of beta-lactamases
Which drugs increase permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane?
Polymixin B - against gram negative bacteria
Gramicidin - effective against gram positive bacteria
Targets of antibiotics
protein synthesis
inhibit nucleic synthesis
interfere with energy metabolism
Which antibiotic inhibits DNA or RNA polymerase in bacteria?
Rifampicin
Which antibiotic inhibits DNA gyrase?
quinolones
Mechanisms of antibiotics
look at sgt
How to target DNA viruses
DNA polymerase inhibitors
How to target RNA viruses
reverse transcriptase inhibitors
prevents RNA to DNA copies
Antimalarial drugs
chloroquine - prevents polymerisation of haem quinine mefloquine artemisinin primaquine - disrupts mitochondira
Molecular targets for general anaesthetics
inhaled agents
GABAa receptor
K+ channel activation
excitatory/inhibitory ligand-gated channels
general anaesthetic effect on CNS function
inhibition of synaptic transmission
decrease in neurotransmitter release
Stages of anaesthesia
- analgesia - still consciousness
- delerium - loss of consciousness, muscle rigidity, cardiac arrhythmias, comiting, choking, dangerous phase
- surgical anaesthesia - unresponsive to painful stimuli, breathing regular
- medullary paralysis –> death
What is the minimal alveolar concentration?
A measure of anaesthetic potency
It is the concentration of anaesthetic in alveoli required to produce immobility in 50% of patients
How does cis-platin work?
Binds covalently to purine DNA bases
Forms intra strand cross link, prevents DNA double strands from separating
