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neuropsychology Flashcards

1
Q

what does neuropsych study

A

brain and behaviour

examines structure of healthy/normal brain across development

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2
Q

what is clinical neuropsych

A

neuropsych meets clinical psych

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3
Q

what are the 2 main components of clinical neuropsych

A
  1. assessing and diagnosing neurological disorder
    - assessing changes in cognition, behaviour and mood
    - estimating one’s previous functioning
    - identifying strengths/weaknesses
    - assist to identify problems if cause unknown
  2. treating, rehabilitating, psycho-education, counselling
    - educating clients and families, counselling them, therapeutic approaches
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4
Q

what is congenital hypothyrodism

A

thyroid gland is underactive at birth

does not produce hormone thyroxine that regulates metabolic rate-essential for brain development

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5
Q

what is cerebral palsy

A

occurs during foetal development and birth

leads to motor and postural problems

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6
Q

how can neurones die?

A
  1. blood supplies brain with glucose, oxygen metabolises it, essential for cells to function
  2. can die as a result of disease e.g. alzheimers
  3. can die of physical injury
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7
Q

what is MS?

A

• An autoimmune disease that attacks the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) by destroying the coating of the nerves
• The immune system attacks the body’s own tissue
myelin sheath breaks down, effects transmission of electrical impulses
faulty functioning of nerves rather than death

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8
Q

what is diffuse damage

A

damage that is widespread throughout the brain
not easy to detect on brain scans
may cause small bleeds in brain

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9
Q

what is focal damage

A

damage that is concentrated in one or more areas of the brain
better at detecting it on brain scans
exact location will determine deficits that will occur

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10
Q

what is a static event

A

a one off event that causes brain damage (acute)
after one off events, a person’s condition stabilises and and can improve
it is important to get immediate medical attention however

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11
Q

define degenerative processes

A

involve chronic, underlying diseases that result in increasing amounts of damage and worsens over time
e.g. alzheimers, parkinsons, huntingtons
there is some treatment, but only treats symptoms and not disease

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12
Q

what is the brain like in its natural state?

A

soft, comparable to jelly/soft tofu

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13
Q

what are meninges

A

they consist of 3 layers that cover the brain and spinal cord to protect

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14
Q

what are the 3 layers in the meninges

A

dura
subarachnoid layers
pia mater

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15
Q

what is the dura

A

dense, inelastic membrane and adheres to skull

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16
Q

what are the subarachnoid layers

A

in between these is the subarachnoid space
this is well blood vessels and fibrous tissue are
this is where haemorrhage/bleeding may occur

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17
Q

pia mater

A

delicate, adheres itself to brain

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18
Q

name 5 main causes of brain damage

A
  1. vascular causes e.g. stoke, brain cancers
  2. TBI e.g. car accident
  3. infection e.g. bacterial or fungal
  4. neurodegenerative disease e.g. alzheimers, parkinsons, huntingtons
  5. autoimmune disorders e.g. MS
    5 toxins e.g. lead poisoning, alcohol/substance abuse
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19
Q

what is the cortex

A

divided into left and right hemisphere

made up of grey matter which increases it’s surface area

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20
Q

what do sulci comprise of

A

grooves and fissures

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21
Q

what do gyri comprise of

A

convolutions/folds

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22
Q

what is symmetrical organisation

A

left and right hemisphere mirror each other in terms of structure and function
e.g. visual info and touch
tendency for contra-lateral control

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23
Q

what is contra-lateral control

A

left hemisphere controls right side of body and vice versa

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24
Q

what is asymmetrical organisation

A

left and right hemisphere do not mirror each other

e.g. language in left hemisphere, not in right

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25
Q

4 lobes in brain and what they do

A

Frontal lobes- motor, executive functions, mood, behaviour
Parietal- somatosensory (touch)
Occipital- sight
Temporal- hearing, memory

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26
Q

what are short fibres

A

connect one part of the lobe to another

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27
Q

what are association fibres

A

connect one lobe to another on same side of brain

28
Q

what are commisures

A

link the two hemispheres

corpus callosum or anterior commisure

29
Q

what does the primary visual cortex do

A

detects size, shape, colour and orientation

30
Q

what are 3 things that can happen if the primary visual cortex is damaged

A

cortical blindness
blindsight
visual anosognosia

31
Q

what is cortical blindess

A

person has a blindspot or is blind in opposite eye

retina of eye is intact but part of cortex processing that info is damaged

32
Q

what is blindsight

A

people with cortical blindness may also experience this
the unconscious experience of vision
part of vision is processed in thalamus so they can respond to a light of something in front of them though they are not aware

33
Q

what is visual anosognosia

A

people deny that they are blind
carry on as if they’re not
confabulate reasons for bumping into things

34
Q

what is the visual association cortex

A

where high-order visual processing occurs

allows us to identify an object and its use

35
Q

name 4 things which can occur is the visual association cortex is damaged

A
  1. visual agnosia- cant identify an object, drawing or photo
  2. colour agnosia- cant distinguish colour and relate it to objects
  3. object agnosia- cant recognise everyday objects
  4. prosopagnosia- cannot recognise faces, can recognise through speech
36
Q

what is agnosia

A

loss of knowledge

37
Q

what is anosognosia

A

someone is unaware of their condition

38
Q

what does the primary somatosensory cortex do

A

info about temp, movement of limbs, touch and pressure

39
Q

what happens if the primary somatosensory cortex is damaged

A

loss of sensation where lesion is on body
sensory nerves are sending signal but brain cannot process it
prone to injury

40
Q

what does the association somatosensory cortex do

A

combines previous somatosensory info with tactile info

recognise things based on touch e.g. light switch at night

41
Q

name 5 types of damage here

A
  1. tactile agnosia (astereognosis)
  2. Anosognosia
  3. hemi-inattention
  4. apraxia
  5. dressing apraxia
42
Q

name 5 types of damage here

A
  1. tactile agnosia (astereognosis)
  2. Anosognosia
  3. hemi-inattention
  4. apraxia
  5. dressing apraxia
43
Q

what is visual agnosia

A

unable to detect things based on touch even though senses are in tact

44
Q

what is somatosenory anosognosia

A

unawareness of paralysis/illness/problems

person paralysed and doesnt know

45
Q

what is hemi-inattention

A

fail to attend to stimuli on one side
damage to left side, results in failing to attend to things on right side
person may only raise right arm, eat foods on right side of plate

46
Q

what is apraxia

A

involuntary movement
cant do movements when asked
sometimes will do them spontaneously
can be inappropriate

47
Q

what is dressing apraxia

A

people cant coordinate the movements to dress themselves

cannot put legs through pants

48
Q

what does the primary auditory cortex do

A

detects verbal and non-verbal sounds

49
Q

what does tonotypically organised mean

A

higher pitch sounds occur in anterior regions

lower pitch sounds occur in posterior regions

50
Q

what happens if the primary auditory cortex is damaged

A 
it is rare as it is protected
cant detect sounds
cant differentiate between sounds 
cant locate sounds
complain people are talking too quickly
51
Q

what is cortical deafness

A

arises when primary auditory cortex is damaged

person cannot hear sounds as they process them

52
Q

what happens in the left hemisphere for memory

A

verbal and visual info that is processed verbally

53
Q

what happens in the right hemisphere for memory

A

non-verbal material

abstract and geometrical designs, faces and tunes

54
Q

what does the auditory association cortex do

A

higher level processing of complex sounds

55
Q

what does the left hemisphere do in auditory association cortex

A

wernicke’s area: analysis and comprehension of speech

56
Q

what does the right hemisphere do in the auditory association cortex

A

non-verbal auditory sounds

music, other everyday sounds

57
Q

what happens if left side of association auditory cortex is damaged

A

pure word deafness

wernickes aphasia

58
Q

define pure word deafness

A

unable to recognise speech even though they can hear, speak, write and lip read
cant hear someone talking loudly
can hear everyday sounds though

59
Q

define wernickes aphasia

A

may also suffer from word deafness
cant comprehend speech
sentence structure lacks meaning
have fluent speech but doesnt make sense

60
Q

what happens if there is damage to the right side of the auditory association cortex and what does that mean

A

amusia- unable to hear music and other sounds such as doorbell, car honking

61
Q

what do the frontal lobes comprise of

A

motor
pre-motor
pre-frontal cortex

62
Q

what does motor do

A

responsible for controlling muscle movements

63
Q

what happens if there is damage to motor

A

unable to perform find movements

damage usually confined to one side e.g. stroke

64
Q

what does the pre-frontal cortex do

A

complex motor sequences
manage executive function affecting behaviour
affects ability to plan, think divergently, monitor performance
affects mood and working memory

65
Q

what happens if there is damage to pre-frontal cortex

A

problems in complex motor sequences

cant copy rapid movements

66
Q

what is diffuse axonal injury (DAI)?

A
  • form of brain injury
  • happens when the brain rapidly shifts inside the skull as an injury is occurring
  • the shearing (tearing) of the brain’s long connecting nerve fibres (axons)

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