child maltreatment Flashcards
define child maltreatment
actual or potential harm to a child’s development, dignity, health or survivial
what are the 4 common types of child maltreatment
physical
emotion
neglect
sexual
what are some drivers of maltreatment
parental substance abuse parental mental health difficulties poverty precarious housing conditions/homelessness domestic violence/family
what is wave 1 of child protection
institutionalisation: neglected kids put in orphanages or institutions so society did not have to deal with it
what is wave 2 of child protection
child rescue.
prevention of cruelty to children
accidents exposed as deliberate acts
gave medical field a way to identify and report abuse
what is wave 3 of child protection
public health
not just one agency responsible for prevention
what is primary/universal care and examples
providing services to every family
e.g. health care services, education services
what is secondary/targeted care and examples
providing support to families who are at risk
e.g. welfare, housing, parenting support
what is tertiary care and examples
providing support to families where child maltreatment has already occurred
idea is to prevent worse outcomes
e.g. out of home care, family reunification services
how does modern child protection systems work
the 5 steps
- notification from anyone in community
- screened in by police
- investigated
- substantiated- social worker confirms child maltreatment is occurring
- out of home care- children deemed not safe are removed from their home into someone elses care
what is the psychiatric model
focus on parent as perpetrator
assumes parent has underlying mental illness
fails to recognise social conditions
what is the social model
focuses on social stresses, pressure and parental isolation
what is the developmental models
focuses on interaction between environment and psychological factors
what is the ecological model
focus on multiple interacting and nested systems
what are some biological risk factors of the child
genetics, brain chemistry, their temperament
what are some individual level risk factors
personality, observable behaviour problems
family level risk factor?
focus on relationship between parent and child
what are social level risk factor
teachers, peer, sports coaches
cultural risk factors?
race, poverty, social class, discrimination, how we value kids
3 theories associated with intergenerational child maltreatment?
social learning theory
developmental theory
attachment theory
social learning theory and intergenerational child maltreatment
children learning that hurting others is okay through imitation and modelling
this is internalised and repeated
developmental theory and intergenerational child maltreatment
maltreatment disrupts developmental milestones which impact thoughts and behaviour
attachment theory and intergenerational child maltreatment
looks at relationship between mother and child
mother viewed as perpetrator of maltreatment
assumes you have one type of attachment style, but this can change over course of life
3 risk factors for children?
- age
- physical health
- behaviour
how is age a risk factor
younger children more likely affected
how is physical health a risk factor
low birth weight, disabilities
how is behaviour a risk factor
if infant cries a lot, difficult temperament, hyperactivity and conduct disorders
broader risk factors that contribute to child maltreatment?
size of family if they move around a lot social support and networks they do/dont have employment and poverty societal attitudes on kids
individual perspective of poverty
the values, work ethics and characteristics that support economic success
structural perspectives of poverty
social factors that impact the capacity to earn e.g. education
what is maltreatment associated with?
depression perpetrating/a victim of violence high risk sexual behaviours and unintended pregnancies obesity harmful use of tobacco, drugs, alcohol
how is resilience measured
behavioural, social and emotional competence
academic achievement
resilience and protective factors?
individual factors e.g. high IQ
family factors e.g. supportive relationships
neighbourhood factors e.g. social cohesion
what is data linkage
bringing info from different sources together about the same person
joining up data collected by different government agencies
child maltreatment is associated with an increased risk for (psychopathology)
mood and anxiety disorders disassociation and suicidal behaviour substance abuse antisocial behaviour psychosis personality disorders
why are ACES questionnaires helpful
normalises the conversation about adverse childhood experiences
we remove power of secrecy
5 activities for integration social and health care
Awareness- ask questions
Adjustment- be flexible
Assistance- connect people with resources
Align- invest in community assets
Advocacy- advocate for policies around health and social needs
subjective measures-self report
can be retrospective or prospective
brief vs in depth qs
strength and weakness of self report
weakness- subjective, recall bias, social desirability bias
positive- captures more experiences
objective measures?
official records
strength/weaknesses of objective measures
strength- objective
weakness- date of maltreatment unknown, bias, inconsistencies in reporting
cross-sectional study designs
measure past, present and future at once
exposed or unexposed group
usually retospective
strength/weakness of cross-sectional
strength- quick and inexpensive, accumulation of risk factors
weakness- small samples, correlation only, self-report, retrospective
longitudinal designs
can be prospective
measuring an outcome at one point in time and then following those individuals through time and measuring the outcome again
strengths/weakness of longitudinal
strength- larger samples, infer causation, capture info as it occurs
weakness- attrition, long time frames
what are ACE scores and what number leads to worse outcomes
they are out of 10
4 or more compared to someone who does not have any results in increased
- smoking
- obesity
- alcoholism
- early intercourse
- depression, anxiety, stress, anger, violence
