child maltreatment

Question 1

define child maltreatment

Answer 1

actual or potential harm to a child’s development, dignity, health or survivial

Question 2

what are the 4 common types of child maltreatment

Answer 2

physical
emotion
neglect
sexual

Question 3

what are some drivers of maltreatment

Answer 3

parental substance abuse
parental mental health difficulties
poverty 
precarious housing conditions/homelessness
domestic violence/family

Question 4

what is wave 1 of child protection

Answer 4

institutionalisation: neglected kids put in orphanages or institutions so society did not have to deal with it

Question 5

what is wave 2 of child protection

Answer 5

child rescue.
prevention of cruelty to children
accidents exposed as deliberate acts
gave medical field a way to identify and report abuse

Question 6

what is wave 3 of child protection

Answer 6

public health

not just one agency responsible for prevention

Question 7

what is primary/universal care and examples

Answer 7

providing services to every family

e.g. health care services, education services

Question 8

what is secondary/targeted care and examples

Answer 8

providing support to families who are at risk

e.g. welfare, housing, parenting support

Question 9

what is tertiary care and examples

Answer 9

providing support to families where child maltreatment has already occurred
idea is to prevent worse outcomes
e.g. out of home care, family reunification services

Question 10

how does modern child protection systems work

the 5 steps

Answer 10

1. notification from anyone in community
2. screened in by police
3. investigated
4. substantiated- social worker confirms child maltreatment is occurring
5. out of home care- children deemed not safe are removed from their home into someone elses care

Question 11

what is the psychiatric model

Answer 11

focus on parent as perpetrator
assumes parent has underlying mental illness
fails to recognise social conditions

Question 12

what is the social model

Answer 12

focuses on social stresses, pressure and parental isolation

Question 13

what is the developmental models

Answer 13

focuses on interaction between environment and psychological factors

Question 14

what is the ecological model

Answer 14

focus on multiple interacting and nested systems

Question 15

what are some biological risk factors of the child

Answer 15

genetics, brain chemistry, their temperament

Question 16

what are some individual level risk factors

Answer 16

personality, observable behaviour problems

Question 17

family level risk factor?

Answer 17

focus on relationship between parent and child

Question 18

what are social level risk factor

Answer 18

teachers, peer, sports coaches

Question 19

cultural risk factors?

Answer 19

race, poverty, social class, discrimination, how we value kids

Question 20

3 theories associated with intergenerational child maltreatment?

Answer 20

social learning theory
developmental theory
attachment theory

Question 21

social learning theory and intergenerational child maltreatment

Answer 21

children learning that hurting others is okay through imitation and modelling
this is internalised and repeated

Question 22

developmental theory and intergenerational child maltreatment

Answer 22

maltreatment disrupts developmental milestones which impact thoughts and behaviour

Question 23

attachment theory and intergenerational child maltreatment

Answer 23

looks at relationship between mother and child
mother viewed as perpetrator of maltreatment
assumes you have one type of attachment style, but this can change over course of life

Question 24

3 risk factors for children?

Answer 24

1. age
2. physical health
3. behaviour

Question 25

how is age a risk factor

Answer 25

younger children more likely affected

Question 26

how is physical health a risk factor

Answer 26

low birth weight, disabilities

Question 27

how is behaviour a risk factor

Answer 27

if infant cries a lot, difficult temperament, hyperactivity and conduct disorders

Question 28

broader risk factors that contribute to child maltreatment?

Answer 28

size of family
if they move around a lot 
social support and networks they do/dont have 
employment and poverty
societal attitudes on kids

Question 29

individual perspective of poverty

Answer 29

the values, work ethics and characteristics that support economic success

Question 30

structural perspectives of poverty

Answer 30

social factors that impact the capacity to earn e.g. education

Question 31

what is maltreatment associated with?

Answer 31

depression
perpetrating/a victim of violence
high risk sexual behaviours and unintended pregnancies
obesity
harmful use of tobacco, drugs, alcohol

Question 32

how is resilience measured

Answer 32

behavioural, social and emotional competence

academic achievement

Question 33

resilience and protective factors?

Answer 33

individual factors e.g. high IQ
family factors e.g. supportive relationships
neighbourhood factors e.g. social cohesion

Question 34

what is data linkage

Answer 34

bringing info from different sources together about the same person
joining up data collected by different government agencies

Question 35

child maltreatment is associated with an increased risk for (psychopathology)

Answer 35

mood and anxiety disorders
disassociation and suicidal behaviour
substance abuse
antisocial behaviour
psychosis
personality disorders

Question 36

why are ACES questionnaires helpful

Answer 36

normalises the conversation about adverse childhood experiences
we remove power of secrecy

Question 37

5 activities for integration social and health care

Answer 37

Awareness- ask questions
Adjustment- be flexible
Assistance- connect people with resources
Align- invest in community assets
Advocacy- advocate for policies around health and social needs

Question 38

subjective measures-self report

Answer 38

can be retrospective or prospective

brief vs in depth qs

Question 39

strength and weakness of self report

Answer 39

weakness- subjective, recall bias, social desirability bias

positive- captures more experiences

Question 40

objective measures?

Answer 40

official records

Question 41

strength/weaknesses of objective measures

Answer 41

strength- objective

weakness- date of maltreatment unknown, bias, inconsistencies in reporting

Question 42

cross-sectional study designs

Answer 42

measure past, present and future at once
exposed or unexposed group
usually retospective

Question 43

strength/weakness of cross-sectional

Answer 43

strength- quick and inexpensive, accumulation of risk factors
weakness- small samples, correlation only, self-report, retrospective

Question 44

longitudinal designs

Answer 44

can be prospective
measuring an outcome at one point in time and then following those individuals through time and measuring the outcome again

Question 45

strengths/weakness of longitudinal

Answer 45

strength- larger samples, infer causation, capture info as it occurs
weakness- attrition, long time frames

Question 46

what are ACE scores and what number leads to worse outcomes

Answer 46

they are out of 10
4 or more compared to someone who does not have any results in increased
- smoking
- obesity
- alcoholism
- early intercourse
- depression, anxiety, stress, anger, violence