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Exam 2 physiology > Neurophysiology Part 3: The Brain and Motor Control > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Part 3: The Brain and Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

What region of the brain is this?
______-large region of the brain responsible for conscious perception
and higher cognitive functions like language

A

Cerebrum

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2
Q

What region of the cerebrum is this?
______-organized into six layers containing the most superficial
layers of gray matter (collection of neuronal somas) in the brain.

A

Cortex

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3
Q

What region of the cerebrum is this?

_______-deep clusters of neuronal somas (gray matter).

A

Basal nuclei

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4
Q

What region of the brain is this?

_______-produces innate drives and emotions

A

Diencephalon

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5
Q

What region of the diencephalon is this?

_______-relays sensory pathways to the cerebral cortex.

A

Thalamus

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6
Q

What region of the diencephalon is this?

_______-controls autonomic nervous system and endocrine
systems.

A

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

What region of the brain is this?
______-contains several control centers that are essential for
the basic functions that maintain life

A

Brain stem

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8
Q

What region of the brain stem is this?

_______-most superior region of brainstem

A

Midbrain

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9
Q

What region of the brain stem is this?

_____- middle region of brainstem

A

Pons

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10
Q

What region of the brain stem is this?

______- connects to the spinal cord.

A

Medulla oblongata

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11
Q

What region of the brain is this?
_____-small region posterior to the brain stem that has
function important for posture, balance, learning and executing skilled movements.

A

Cerebellum

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12
Q

The cerebral cortex forms five lobes in each hemisphere (left and right hemispheres) what are they?

A 
Frontal lobe 
Parietal lobe 
Occipital lobe 
Insular lobe 
Temporal lobe
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13
Q

What lobe in the hemisphere is this?

_________-most anterior, function is important for planning motor commands.
o Contains primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus).

A

Frontal lobe

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14
Q

What lobe in the hemisphere is this?

______- most superior region posterior to the central sulcus, function is
important for somatosensory processing

*Contains primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus).

A

Parietal lobe

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15
Q

What lobe in the hemisphere is this?

______-most posterior region, function is important for visual processing.

A

Occipital lobe

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16
Q

What lobe in the hemisphere is this?
______-large lateral region inferior to the lateral sulcus, function is
important for auditory and olfactory processing, memory, and emotions.

A

Temporal lobe

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17
Q

What lobe in the hemisphere is this?
_______-located deep between temporal and frontal lobes, functions
important for gustatory processing and emotions.

A

Insular lobe

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18
Q

______-surrounds lateral sulcus in the left hemisphere.
Receives input from auditory and visual senses. Coordinates with the motor cortex to carry out
motor skills involved in speech and writing.
• Language involves both expression and comprehension

A

Language areas of the cerebral cortex

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19
Q

Language areas of the cerebral cortex Classical Model of the Language Network:
o Two cortical areas of the 13) left or right (circle your answer) hemisphere.

A

Left

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20
Q

Language areas of the cerebral cortex:
________-language comprehension and
formulation of coherent patterns of speech Left side of the hemisphere.

A

Wernike’s area

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21
Q

Language areas of the cerebral cortex:

________-speech production and word formation left side of the hemisphere.

A

Broca’s area

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22
Q

Evidence supporting lateralization of language processing:

_____-Inject sedative into carotid artery on one side and test
for loss of language function.

A

Wada test

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23
Q

Evidence supporting lateralization of language processing:

______-Activation of regions in the left
hemisphere occurs when subjects are reading and a similar pattern of activity is
seen in deaf people watching sign language.

A

Functional brain imaging

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24
Q

Evidence supporting lateralization of language processing:

_____-brain patients (who have had a corpus callosotomy) cannot
respond verbally regarding information that was displayed visually to the right
hemisphere (in the left visual field).

A

Split brain patients

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25
Q

_______-diencephalon and surrounding regions of the temporal, parietal,
insular, and frontal lobes.
• Establishes emotional state and behavioral drive
• Long term memory storage and retrieval
• Limbic system structures

A

Limbic system

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26
Q

Limbic system:

_____-region of the frontal and parietal lobes just superior to the
corpus callosum.
§ Role in expressing emotion and resolving mental conflicts

A

Cingulate gyrus

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27
Q

Limbic system:

______-region of the medial temporal lobe.
§ Role in memory

A

Hippocampus

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28
Q

_______-is the storage and retrieval of information

A

Memory

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29
Q

Memory:
_______-“What-type memories,” processed in the
hippocampus and associated structures of temporal and frontal lobes.
§ Entails learning explicit information (names, dates)
§ Is related to our conscious thoughts and our language ability
§ Is stored with the context in which it was learned

A

Declarative memories

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30
Q

Memory:

______-“How to memories,” processed in the
cerebellum, premotor cortex, and basal nuclei.
§ Involves motor activity (example: riding a bike)
§ It is acquired through practice
§ Does not retain the context in which they were learned
§ Hard to unlearn

A

Procedural memories

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31
Q

Mechanisms of memory formation

_______-prolonged increase in synaptic strength

A

Long-Term potentiation (LTP)

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32
Q

Mechanisms of memory formation:

________: Repetitive stimulation results in
modification of synapses that increase the ability of pre-synaptic neurons
to stimulate post-synaptic neurons

A

Neurons that fire together wire together

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33
Q

Mechanisms of memory formation:

What are Two types of ionotropic glutamate receptors?

A

AMPA receptors and

NMDA receptors

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34
Q

Mechanisms of memory formation:

At resting potential glutamate can stimulates EPSPs at AMPA
receptors but not _____ receptors

A

NMDA Receptors

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35
Q

Mechanisms of memory formation:

Depolarization removes the magnesium (Mg2+) block of the
NMDA receptor enabling calcium (Ca2+) to enter when _________..

A

glutamate

binds

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36
Q

Mechanisms of memory formation:

Calcium entering the neuron through NMDA receptor stimulates a
signaling pathway leading to an increased number of AMPA
receptors on the membrane of the _________ at the
synaps

A

postsynaptic neuron

37
Q

Mechanisms of memory formation:
At some synapses LTP also involves increased neurotransmitter
release from the ________

A

presynaptic neuron.

38
Q

________-disruptive memory loss, confusion about time or

place, difficulty planning or executing tasks, poor judgment, and personality changes

A

Alzheimer’s disease

39
Q

Alzheimer’s disease:

_____-abnormal clumps of proteins (primarily the amyloid-beta
protein) that form in synapses and disrupt neurotransmission.

A

Amyloid plaques

40
Q

Alzheimer’s disease:

______-tangled fibers of microtubule binding proteins
(primarily the hyperphosphorylated Tau protein) form inside axons, disrupting the
cytoskeleton of the axon leading to impaired neurotransmission and increased
neuronal cell death.

A

Neurofibrillary tangles-

41
Q

Descending somatic motor pathways: ________

A

Motor output for CNS

42
Q

________-axons in CNS carrying motor commands from the brain to the PNS,
majority are anterior and lateral regions of spinal cord, usually involve two neurons

A

Descending tracts

43
Q

Descending tracts:

________-extends from motor cortex or motor nuclei in the cerebrum to
the anterior horn

A

Upper neuron

44
Q

Descending tracts:

_____-lie in anterior horn and travel to the effectors in the periphery

A

Lower neuron

45
Q

________-the primary descending tract carrying in formation from
primary motor cortex down the spinal cord.

A

Corticospinal tract

46
Q

Corticospinal tract:

________-axon extends from soma in motor cortex to the ventral
horn in the spinal cord

A

Upper neuron (Betz cell

47
Q

______-descending tracts from brain stem nuclei that contribute to
unconscious coordination of motor commands based on sensory information

A

Extrapyramidal System:

48
Q

Trauma can cause paralysis

_______-severe damage to the ventral root or anterior horn cells
• Lower motor neurons are damaged and impulses do not reach muscles

A

Flaccid paralysis

49
Q

______ -loss of motor function:

A

Trauma can cause paralysis

50
Q

Trauma can cause paralysis:

________-only upper motor neurons are damaged
• Spinal neurons remain intact and muscles are stimulated irregularly
• There is no voluntary control of muscles
• Exaggerated reflexes

A

Spastic paralysis

51
Q

What region of the brain is this?

Compares cerebral motor commands with sensory feedback.
• Fine tunes motor commands to correct for errors.
• Feed-forward control mechanism enables correction of motor commands based on
learning from past experiences.

A

Cerebellum

52
Q

What of the three regions of the cerebellum is this?
______-receives sensory information from the
vestibular receptors of the inner ear and contributes to coordination of balance and
eye movements.

A

Vestibularcerebellum

53
Q

What of the three regions of the cerebellum is this?
_______-receives sensory information from
proprioceptors and contributes to muscle tone and coordination of skilled
movements

A

Spinocerebellum

54
Q

What of the three regions of the cerebellum is this?
______-connects to cerebrum, contributes to
planning of motor commands and stores procedural memories

A

Cerebrocerebellum

55
Q

______-that contribute to motivation of motor control: receive input from the cerebral
cortex and influences motivation

A

Basal nuclei

56
Q

What part of the Basal nuclei is this?

______-receives input from cortex and
sends signals to the globus pallidus.

A

Striatum (caudate and putamen)

57
Q

What part of the Basal nuclei is this?

______-regulates a pathway from the thalamus that
stimulates the motor cortex increasing the likelihood (motivation) for a motor
command to be generated.

A

Globus pallidus

58
Q

__________ these basal nuclei form a network with a region of the midbrain
(substantia nigra), regions of the diencephalon (thalamus and subthalamic nuclei),
and motor areas of cerebral cortex to regulate motor commands.

A

Striatum (caudate and putamen) and Globus pallidus

59
Q

______-disinhibits (stimulates) the thalamus to
increase the likelihood that a command will be initiated in the cortex.
Ø Stimulated by the neurotransmitter 32)____________ released
from neurons in substantia nigra.

A

Direct pathway

32) dopamine

60
Q

_______-inhibits the thalamus to decrease the

likelihood a command will be initiated in the corte

A

Inderict pathway

61
Q

______-a neurodegenerative disease involving

loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra leading to impaired motor control.

A

Pathophysiology of parkinson’s Disease

62
Q

Pathophysiology of parkinson’s Disease what are the symptoms?

A

Increased muscle tone, or rigidity
o Involuntary, useless, or unwanted movements, such as resting tremors
o Characteristic slow hunched shuffling walk

63
Q

Pathophysiology of parkinson’s Disease:

Post-mortem analysis of brains from Parkinson’s patients shows the presence of _________—abnormal protein clumps—in dopaminergic neurons.
*The prevalence of these Lewy bodies often correlates with the severity of the
disease.

A

Lewy

bodies

64
Q

Pathophysiology of parkinson’s Disease what type of treatment is this?

______-a chemical that is converted into dopamine by neurons in the brain.
This conversion increases the overall level of dopamine neurotransmission and
can help compensate for the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.

A

L-DOPA

65
Q

Pathophysiology of parkinson’s Disease what type of treatment is this?

_______-electrodes disrupt the indirect pathway in the basal
nuclei to increasing motivation to initiate motor commands.

A

Deep Brain Stimulation:

66
Q

Sympathetic Division of Autonomic Nervous System:

_____________ - emerges from thoracic and lumbar regions

A

thoracolumbar

67
Q

Parasympathetic Division of Autonomic Nervous System

______-emerges from brainstem and sacral regions
• Long preganglionic axons and short postganglionic axons.

A

Craniosacral

68
Q

______-Integration of sensory information begins with forebrain structures
like the hypothalamus and continues into the brain stem and spinal cord.

A

Central Control of ANS

69
Q

________-region of the diencephalon that receives information from sensory
pathways as well as signals from other limbic system structures and sends commands out
through the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system.

A

Hypothalamus

70
Q

_______-receives sensory information as well as information from the hypothalamus and
sends commands out through cranial nerves or descending tracts of the spinal cord.

A

Brain Stem

71
Q

________-fight or flight
• Enables body to cope rapidly during emergency situations
• Dominant when excited, frightened, or during exercise
o Dilates pupils
o Increase heart rate and blood pressure
o Increase respiratory rate, dilates bronchioles
o Blood shunted to skeletal muscles, brain, and heart away from digestive organs
and skin
o Liver releases glucose to meet increased energy needs
o Increased cellular metabolism
o Thermoregulation
§ In response to elevated body temperature, initiates sweating to lower body
temperature and increases cutaneous blood flow.
§ In response to low body temperature, stimulates metabolic rate
o Increased RBC production and clotting ability

A

Functions of the Sympathetic division

72
Q

_______-rest and digest
• Dominant in non-stressful situations
• Conserves energy and directs maintenance activities such as digestion and excretion
o Blood shunted to visceral organs
o Constricts pupils
o Increased digestive glandular secretions and activity
o Respiratory and lacrimal secretions
o Blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rates at low normal levels

A

Functions of the parasympathetic division

73
Q

_______-most internal organs are innervated by both autonomic divisions which
counterbalance each other by continuously making adjustments

A

Dual innervation

74
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Neurotransmitters;

____________-are the two major neurotransmitters of the
ANS

A

Acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE)

75
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Neurotransmitters;

_________-All parasympathetic pre and postganglionic neurons
o All sympathetic preganglionic neurons
o Sympathetic postganglionic that innervate sweat glands, cutaneous arterioles, and
arrector pili muscles.

A

Axons that release Ach are Cholinergic fibers

76
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Neurotransmitters

__________;
All parasympathetic pre and postganglionic neurons
o All sympathetic preganglionic neurons
o Sympathetic postganglionic that innervate sweat glands, cutaneous arterioles, and
arrector pili muscles.

A

Axons that release NE are Adrenergic fibers

77
Q

________-neurotransmitter effects can be excitatory or inhibitory depending upon
the receptor type they bind to. Two types of receptors are cholinergic and adrenergic

A

Types of receptors

78
Q

what types of receptors is this?

________-bind Ach

A

Cholinergic receptors

79
Q

Cholinergic receptors;

_______-receptors are found on:
§ Motor end plates (somatic targets)
§ All postganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions
§ The hormone-producing cells of the adrenal medulla
§ The effect of ACh binding to nicotinic receptors is always excitatory

A

Nicotinic receptors

80
Q

Cholinergic receptors;

_______-receptors are found on all effectors stimulated by
postganglionic cholinergic fibers:
§ Parasympathetic effectors
§ Sweat glands and arrector pili
§ The effect of ACh binding to muscarinic receptors can be either inhibitory
or excitatory depending on the receptor subtype of the target organ. Slows
cardiac muscle: inhibitory; smooth muscle of digestive: excitatory

A

Muscarimic receptors

81
Q

what types of receptors is this?

________- binds NE and/ or E

A

Adrenergic receptors

82
Q

_________-drugs are designed to obtain an inhibitory or excitatory effect on
a target organ by either blocking or initiating desired effects of neurotransmitters

A

Effects of Drugs on the ANS

83
Q

What type of drug is this?

______-chemical that stimulates a receptor

A

Agonist

84
Q

What type of drug is this?

_______-chemical that inhibits a receptor

A

Antagonist

85
Q

What type of drug is this?

_______-chemical that stimulates a sympathetic responses; adrenegic Agonist

A

Sympathominestic

86
Q

What type of drug is this?

______-chemical that decreases sympathetic responses; Antagonist

A

Sympatholytic

87
Q

What type of drug is this?

______-chemical that stimulates parasympathetic responses; Muscarinic Agonist

A

Parasympathomimetic

88
Q

What type of drug is this?
______-chemical that decreases
parasympathetic responses; Muscarinic Anatagonist

A

Anticholinergic (Parasympatholytic)

Exam 2 physiology (4 decks)

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