Neurophysiology Part 3: The Brain and Motor Control

Question 1

What region of the brain is this?
______-large region of the brain responsible for conscious perception
and higher cognitive functions like language

Answer 1

Cerebrum

Question 2

What region of the cerebrum is this?
______-organized into six layers containing the most superficial
layers of gray matter (collection of neuronal somas) in the brain.

Answer 2

Cortex

Question 3

What region of the cerebrum is this?

_______-deep clusters of neuronal somas (gray matter).

Answer 3

Basal nuclei

Question 4

What region of the brain is this?

_______-produces innate drives and emotions

Answer 4

Diencephalon

Question 5

What region of the diencephalon is this?

_______-relays sensory pathways to the cerebral cortex.

Answer 5

Thalamus

Question 6

What region of the diencephalon is this?

_______-controls autonomic nervous system and endocrine
systems.

Answer 6

Hypothalamus

Question 7

What region of the brain is this?
______-contains several control centers that are essential for
the basic functions that maintain life

Answer 7

Brain stem

Question 8

What region of the brain stem is this?

_______-most superior region of brainstem

Answer 8

Midbrain

Question 9

What region of the brain stem is this?

_____- middle region of brainstem

Answer 9

Pons

Question 10

What region of the brain stem is this?

______- connects to the spinal cord.

Answer 10

Medulla oblongata

Question 11

What region of the brain is this?
_____-small region posterior to the brain stem that has
function important for posture, balance, learning and executing skilled movements.

Answer 11

Cerebellum

Question 12

The cerebral cortex forms five lobes in each hemisphere (left and right hemispheres) what are they?

Answer 12

Frontal lobe 
Parietal lobe 
Occipital lobe 
Insular lobe 
Temporal lobe

Question 13

What lobe in the hemisphere is this?

_________-most anterior, function is important for planning motor commands.
o Contains primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus).

Answer 13

Frontal lobe

Question 14

What lobe in the hemisphere is this?

______- most superior region posterior to the central sulcus, function is
important for somatosensory processing

*Contains primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus).

Answer 14

Parietal lobe

Question 15

What lobe in the hemisphere is this?

______-most posterior region, function is important for visual processing.

Answer 15

Occipital lobe

Question 16

What lobe in the hemisphere is this?
______-large lateral region inferior to the lateral sulcus, function is
important for auditory and olfactory processing, memory, and emotions.

Answer 16

Temporal lobe

Question 17

What lobe in the hemisphere is this?
_______-located deep between temporal and frontal lobes, functions
important for gustatory processing and emotions.

Answer 17

Insular lobe

Question 18

______-surrounds lateral sulcus in the left hemisphere.
Receives input from auditory and visual senses. Coordinates with the motor cortex to carry out
motor skills involved in speech and writing.
• Language involves both expression and comprehension

Answer 18

Language areas of the cerebral cortex

Question 19

Language areas of the cerebral cortex Classical Model of the Language Network:
o Two cortical areas of the 13) left or right (circle your answer) hemisphere.

Answer 19

Left

Question 20

Language areas of the cerebral cortex:
________-language comprehension and
formulation of coherent patterns of speech Left side of the hemisphere.

Answer 20

Wernike’s area

Question 21

Language areas of the cerebral cortex:

________-speech production and word formation left side of the hemisphere.

Answer 21

Broca’s area

Question 22

Evidence supporting lateralization of language processing:

_____-Inject sedative into carotid artery on one side and test
for loss of language function.

Answer 22

Wada test

Question 23

Evidence supporting lateralization of language processing:

______-Activation of regions in the left
hemisphere occurs when subjects are reading and a similar pattern of activity is
seen in deaf people watching sign language.

Answer 23

Functional brain imaging

Question 24

Evidence supporting lateralization of language processing:

_____-brain patients (who have had a corpus callosotomy) cannot
respond verbally regarding information that was displayed visually to the right
hemisphere (in the left visual field).

Answer 24

Split brain patients

Question 25

_______-diencephalon and surrounding regions of the temporal, parietal, insular, and frontal lobes. • Establishes emotional state and behavioral drive • Long term memory storage and retrieval • Limbic system structures

Answer 25

Limbic system

Question 26

Limbic system: _____-region of the frontal and parietal lobes just superior to the corpus callosum. § Role in expressing emotion and resolving mental conflicts

Answer 26

Cingulate gyrus

Question 27

Limbic system: ______-region of the medial temporal lobe. § Role in memory

Answer 27

Hippocampus

Question 28

_______-is the storage and retrieval of information

Answer 28

Memory

Question 29

Memory: _______-“What-type memories,” processed in the hippocampus and associated structures of temporal and frontal lobes. § Entails learning explicit information (names, dates) § Is related to our conscious thoughts and our language ability § Is stored with the context in which it was learned

Answer 29

Declarative memories

Question 30

Memory: ______-“How to memories,” processed in the cerebellum, premotor cortex, and basal nuclei. § Involves motor activity (example: riding a bike) § It is acquired through practice § Does not retain the context in which they were learned § Hard to unlearn

Answer 30

Procedural memories

Question 31

Mechanisms of memory formation | _______-prolonged increase in synaptic strength

Answer 31

Long-Term potentiation (LTP)

Question 32

Mechanisms of memory formation: ________: Repetitive stimulation results in modification of synapses that increase the ability of pre-synaptic neurons to stimulate post-synaptic neurons

Answer 32

Neurons that fire together wire together

Question 33

Mechanisms of memory formation: What are Two types of ionotropic glutamate receptors?

Answer 33

AMPA receptors and | NMDA receptors

Question 34

Mechanisms of memory formation: At resting potential glutamate can stimulates EPSPs at AMPA receptors but not _____ receptors

Answer 34

NMDA Receptors

Question 35

Mechanisms of memory formation: Depolarization removes the magnesium (Mg2+) block of the NMDA receptor enabling calcium (Ca2+) to enter when _________..

Answer 35

glutamate | binds

Question 36

Mechanisms of memory formation: Calcium entering the neuron through NMDA receptor stimulates a signaling pathway leading to an increased number of AMPA receptors on the membrane of the _________ at the synaps

Answer 36

postsynaptic neuron

Question 37

Mechanisms of memory formation: At some synapses LTP also involves increased neurotransmitter release from the ________

Answer 37

presynaptic neuron.

Question 38

________-disruptive memory loss, confusion about time or | place, difficulty planning or executing tasks, poor judgment, and personality changes

Answer 38

Alzheimer's disease

Question 39

Alzheimer's disease: _____-abnormal clumps of proteins (primarily the amyloid-beta protein) that form in synapses and disrupt neurotransmission.

Answer 39

Amyloid plaques

Question 40

Alzheimer's disease: ______-tangled fibers of microtubule binding proteins (primarily the hyperphosphorylated Tau protein) form inside axons, disrupting the cytoskeleton of the axon leading to impaired neurotransmission and increased neuronal cell death.

Answer 40

Neurofibrillary tangles-

Question 41

Descending somatic motor pathways: ________

Answer 41

Motor output for CNS

Question 42

________-axons in CNS carrying motor commands from the brain to the PNS, majority are anterior and lateral regions of spinal cord, usually involve two neurons

Answer 42

Descending tracts

Question 43

Descending tracts: ________-extends from motor cortex or motor nuclei in the cerebrum to the anterior horn

Answer 43

Upper neuron

Question 44

Descending tracts: _____-lie in anterior horn and travel to the effectors in the periphery

Answer 44

Lower neuron

Question 45

________-the primary descending tract carrying in formation from primary motor cortex down the spinal cord.

Answer 45

Corticospinal tract

Question 46

Corticospinal tract: ________-axon extends from soma in motor cortex to the ventral horn in the spinal cord

Answer 46

Upper neuron (Betz cell

Question 47

______-descending tracts from brain stem nuclei that contribute to unconscious coordination of motor commands based on sensory information

Answer 47

Extrapyramidal System:

Question 48

Trauma can cause paralysis _______-severe damage to the ventral root or anterior horn cells • Lower motor neurons are damaged and impulses do not reach muscles

Answer 48

Flaccid paralysis

Question 49

______ -loss of motor function:

Answer 49

Trauma can cause paralysis

Question 50

Trauma can cause paralysis: ________-only upper motor neurons are damaged • Spinal neurons remain intact and muscles are stimulated irregularly • There is no voluntary control of muscles • Exaggerated reflexes

Answer 50

Spastic paralysis

Question 51

What region of the brain is this? Compares cerebral motor commands with sensory feedback. • Fine tunes motor commands to correct for errors. • Feed-forward control mechanism enables correction of motor commands based on learning from past experiences.

Answer 51

Cerebellum

Question 52

What of the three regions of the cerebellum is this? ______-receives sensory information from the vestibular receptors of the inner ear and contributes to coordination of balance and eye movements.

Answer 52

Vestibularcerebellum

Question 53

What of the three regions of the cerebellum is this? _______-receives sensory information from proprioceptors and contributes to muscle tone and coordination of skilled movements

Answer 53

Spinocerebellum

Question 54

What of the three regions of the cerebellum is this? ______-connects to cerebrum, contributes to planning of motor commands and stores procedural memories

Answer 54

Cerebrocerebellum

Question 55

______-that contribute to motivation of motor control: receive input from the cerebral cortex and influences motivation

Answer 55

Basal nuclei

Question 56

What part of the Basal nuclei is this? ______-receives input from cortex and sends signals to the globus pallidus.

Answer 56

Striatum (caudate and putamen)

Question 57

What part of the Basal nuclei is this? ______-regulates a pathway from the thalamus that stimulates the motor cortex increasing the likelihood (motivation) for a motor command to be generated.

Answer 57

Globus pallidus

Question 58

__________ these basal nuclei form a network with a region of the midbrain (substantia nigra), regions of the diencephalon (thalamus and subthalamic nuclei), and motor areas of cerebral cortex to regulate motor commands.

Answer 58

Striatum (caudate and putamen) and Globus pallidus

Question 59

______-disinhibits (stimulates) the thalamus to increase the likelihood that a command will be initiated in the cortex. Ø Stimulated by the neurotransmitter 32)____________ released from neurons in substantia nigra.

Answer 59

Direct pathway 32) dopamine

Question 60

_______-inhibits the thalamus to decrease the | likelihood a command will be initiated in the corte

Answer 60

Inderict pathway

Question 61

______-a neurodegenerative disease involving | loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra leading to impaired motor control.

Answer 61

Pathophysiology of parkinson's Disease

Question 62

Pathophysiology of parkinson's Disease what are the symptoms?

Answer 62

Increased muscle tone, or rigidity o Involuntary, useless, or unwanted movements, such as resting tremors o Characteristic slow hunched shuffling walk

Question 63

Pathophysiology of parkinson's Disease: Post-mortem analysis of brains from Parkinson’s patients shows the presence of _________—abnormal protein clumps—in dopaminergic neurons. *The prevalence of these Lewy bodies often correlates with the severity of the disease.

Answer 63

Lewy | bodies

Question 64

Pathophysiology of parkinson's Disease what type of treatment is this? ______-a chemical that is converted into dopamine by neurons in the brain. This conversion increases the overall level of dopamine neurotransmission and can help compensate for the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.

Answer 64

L-DOPA

Question 65

Pathophysiology of parkinson's Disease what type of treatment is this? _______-electrodes disrupt the indirect pathway in the basal nuclei to increasing motivation to initiate motor commands.

Answer 65

Deep Brain Stimulation:

Question 66

Sympathetic Division of Autonomic Nervous System: _____________ - emerges from thoracic and lumbar regions

Answer 66

thoracolumbar

Question 67

Parasympathetic Division of Autonomic Nervous System ______-emerges from brainstem and sacral regions • Long preganglionic axons and short postganglionic axons.

Answer 67

Craniosacral

Question 68

______-Integration of sensory information begins with forebrain structures like the hypothalamus and continues into the brain stem and spinal cord.

Answer 68

Central Control of ANS

Question 69

________-region of the diencephalon that receives information from sensory pathways as well as signals from other limbic system structures and sends commands out through the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system.

Answer 69

Hypothalamus

Question 70

_______-receives sensory information as well as information from the hypothalamus and sends commands out through cranial nerves or descending tracts of the spinal cord.

Answer 70

Brain Stem

Question 71

________-fight or flight • Enables body to cope rapidly during emergency situations • Dominant when excited, frightened, or during exercise o Dilates pupils o Increase heart rate and blood pressure o Increase respiratory rate, dilates bronchioles o Blood shunted to skeletal muscles, brain, and heart away from digestive organs and skin o Liver releases glucose to meet increased energy needs o Increased cellular metabolism o Thermoregulation § In response to elevated body temperature, initiates sweating to lower body temperature and increases cutaneous blood flow. § In response to low body temperature, stimulates metabolic rate o Increased RBC production and clotting ability

Answer 71

Functions of the Sympathetic division

Question 72

_______-rest and digest • Dominant in non-stressful situations • Conserves energy and directs maintenance activities such as digestion and excretion o Blood shunted to visceral organs o Constricts pupils o Increased digestive glandular secretions and activity o Respiratory and lacrimal secretions o Blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rates at low normal levels

Answer 72

Functions of the parasympathetic division

Question 73

_______-most internal organs are innervated by both autonomic divisions which counterbalance each other by continuously making adjustments

Answer 73

Dual innervation

Question 74

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Neurotransmitters; ____________-are the two major neurotransmitters of the ANS

Answer 74

Acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE)

Question 75

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Neurotransmitters; _________-All parasympathetic pre and postganglionic neurons o All sympathetic preganglionic neurons o Sympathetic postganglionic that innervate sweat glands, cutaneous arterioles, and arrector pili muscles.

Answer 75

Axons that release Ach are Cholinergic fibers

Question 76

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Neurotransmitters __________; All parasympathetic pre and postganglionic neurons o All sympathetic preganglionic neurons o Sympathetic postganglionic that innervate sweat glands, cutaneous arterioles, and arrector pili muscles.

Answer 76

Axons that release NE are Adrenergic fibers

Question 77

________-neurotransmitter effects can be excitatory or inhibitory depending upon the receptor type they bind to. Two types of receptors are cholinergic and adrenergic

Answer 77

Types of receptors

Question 78

what types of receptors is this? ________-bind Ach

Answer 78

Cholinergic receptors

Question 79

Cholinergic receptors; _______-receptors are found on: § Motor end plates (somatic targets) § All postganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions § The hormone-producing cells of the adrenal medulla § The effect of ACh binding to nicotinic receptors is always excitatory

Answer 79

Nicotinic receptors

Question 80

Cholinergic receptors; _______-receptors are found on all effectors stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers: § Parasympathetic effectors § Sweat glands and arrector pili § The effect of ACh binding to muscarinic receptors can be either inhibitory or excitatory depending on the receptor subtype of the target organ. Slows cardiac muscle: inhibitory; smooth muscle of digestive: excitatory

Answer 80

Muscarimic receptors

Question 81

what types of receptors is this? | ________- binds NE and/ or E

Answer 81

Adrenergic receptors

Question 82

_________-drugs are designed to obtain an inhibitory or excitatory effect on a target organ by either blocking or initiating desired effects of neurotransmitters

Answer 82

Effects of Drugs on the ANS

Question 83

What type of drug is this? ______-chemical that stimulates a receptor

Answer 83

Agonist

Question 84

What type of drug is this? _______-chemical that inhibits a receptor

Answer 84

Antagonist

Question 85

What type of drug is this? | _______-chemical that stimulates a sympathetic responses; adrenegic Agonist

Answer 85

Sympathominestic

Question 86

What type of drug is this? ______-chemical that decreases sympathetic responses; Antagonist

Answer 86

Sympatholytic

Question 87

What type of drug is this? | ______-chemical that stimulates parasympathetic responses; Muscarinic Agonist

Answer 87

Parasympathomimetic

Question 88

What type of drug is this? ______-chemical that decreases parasympathetic responses; Muscarinic Anatagonist

Answer 88

Anticholinergic (Parasympatholytic)