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Exam 2 physiology > Neurophysiology Part 2: Sensory and Reflex physiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Part 2: Sensory and Reflex physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Organization of the Nervous System:

______:brain and spinal cord

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

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2
Q

______-master control center located in the cranial cavity

A

Brain

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3
Q

______-located in the vertebral cavity the spinal cord connects the brain to the
inferior regions of the body and functions as the control center for many simple reflexes

A

Spinal cord

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4
Q

Organization of the Nervous System:

______-all nervous tissue outside CNS
*Nerves of PNS carry information in and out of the CNS

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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5
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
_______-12 pairs of nerves carrying information in and
out of the brain.

A

Cranial Nerves (CN)

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6
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
______-31 pairs of nerves carrying information in and out
of the spinal cord

A

Spiinal Nerves

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7
Q

______ Receptors detects a stimulus

A

Sensation

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8
Q

_______-processing of sensory stimuli by the central nervous system to produce
a meaningful interpretation.
• involves:
o recognition of the stimulus type and intensity
o localization of the receptors that detect the stimulus

A

Perception

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9
Q

_______-cells that monitor internal and external conditions

A

Receptor

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10
Q

Receptor:
A stimulus alters the membrane permeability of the receptor
producing graded potentials

A

Transduction

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11
Q

_______-sequence of neurons that relay sensory information from sensory
receptors through nerves into the CNS leading to sensation (and potentially perception).
• Afferent fibers of PNS form synapses with interneurons of the CNS.
o Some afferent neurons also directly synapse with efferent neurons to produce
monosynaptic reflexes.

A

(Afferent) Sensory pathway

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12
Q

_______-are the sensory information detected by specific receptors
and relayed through specific afferent neurons. Familiar examples taste, smell, hearing, and
vision. Somatosensation (commonly known as touch) can be subdivided into distinct modalities
detected by different receptors distributed throughout the body. The major somatosensory
modalities are light pressure, deep pressure, vibration, itch, nociception (pain), temperature, and
hair movement.

A

Modality

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13
Q

Modality :
Law of 10)____________: Each modality results from
activation of distinct receptors that relay sensory information through specific afferent
(sensory) nerve pathways.

A

Law Specific Nerve Energies

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14
Q

Structural Classification of Sensory Receptors is this:
________-Depolarization of bare (not encapsulated) dendrites
directly stimulates an action potential in the afferent neuron. Examples: Nociceptors causes the
sensation of pain in response to tissue damage. Thermoreceptors react to changes in
temperature.

A

Free nerve endings

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15
Q

Structural Classification of Sensory Receptors is this:
________-Depolarization of dendrites enclosed in a connective
tissue capsule directly stimulates an action potential in the afferent neuron. Examples: Pacinian
corpuscles deep in the skin detect deep pressure and vibration, Meissner’s corpuscles in the
superficial papillary layer of dermis detect light touch and low frequency vibration, and Ruffini
corpuscles in reticular layer of dermis and subcutaneous layer detect deep pressure and
stretching of skin

A

Encapsulated nerve endings

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16
Q

Structural Classification of Sensory Receptors is this:
________-Depolarization stimulates release of neurotransmitters that
open ligand-gated ion channels on the afferent neuron. Examples: Merkel cells of the epidermis,
photoreceptors of the retina in the eye, hair cell receptors of the inner ear, gustatory receptor
cells in taste buds.

A

Specialized receptors cells

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17
Q

Functional Classification of Sensory Receptors is this:

_____-detect mechanical stimuli such as pressure, vibration, and stretching.

A

Mechanoreceptor

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18
Q

Classification of Sensory Receptors is this:

_____-detect changes in temperature

A

Thermoreceptor

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19
Q

Classification of Sensory Receptors is this:

_______-detect tissue damage, extreme pressure or extreme temperature

A

Nociceptors

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20
Q

Classification of Sensory Receptors is this:

_______-detect light. Round in the retina of the eye.

A

Photoreceptors

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21
Q

Classification of Sensory Receptors is this:

______-detect chemicals dissolved in extracellular fluid

A

Chemoreceptor

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22
Q

________-region of the environment (skin surface for somatosensory
receptors of the integumentary system) where an individual receptor (or neuron in the sensory
pathway) can respond to an adequate stimulus. Receptive fields are smaller in regions with a
higher density of receptors. For example, receptive fields are smaller for somatosensory
receptors in the skin on the finger tips than in the skin of the leg.

A

Receptive Fields

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23
Q

Receptive Fields:
________-activated sensory pathways inhibit the surrounding pathways (from
adjacent receptive fields) in order to sharpen contrast facilitating the localization of
stimuli.

A

Lateral inhibition

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24
Q

________- diminished response to a sustained stimulus.

A

Adaption of sensory receptor

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25
Q

Adaption of sensory receptor:

_______-rapidly adapting
o Report changes in the environment
o Burst of firing at the beginning and end of stimulus

A

phasic receptors

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26
Q

Adaption of sensory receptor:
______-slowly adapting or not at all
o Constant firing when continuous information about a stimulus is valuable

A

Tonic Receptors

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27
Q

Somatic Receptors of the Integument

______-widely distributed through the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer

A

Free Nerve Endings

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28
Q

What type of Free nerve endings is this?
_______-free nerve endings associated with hair follicles, detect hair
movement.
o Phasic receptors

A

Root hair plexus

29
Q

What type of Free nerve endings is this?
_______-detects stimuli associated with tissue damage and produces the
modalities of of pain and itch.
o Tonic receptors

A

Nociceptors

30
Q

What type of Free nerve endings is this?
_______-react to changes in temperature. Two main types cold
receptors respond to decreasing temperature and warm receptor respond to increasing
temperature. Skin contains 3X more cold receptors than warm receptors.
o Phasic receptors

A

Thermoceptors

31
Q

Somatic Receptors of the Integument

________-found in dermis and subcutaneous layer

A

Encapsulated Nerve Endings

32
Q

Encapsulated Nerve Endings:

_______-detect onset of light touch, found in dermal papillae.
o Phasic receptors with small receptive fields

A

Meissner Corpuscles

33
Q

Encapsulated Nerve Endings:

_______-deep pressure and vibration, found deep in the
dermis and subcutaneous layer.
o Phasic receptors with large receptive fields

A

Pacinian corpuscles

34
Q

Somatic Receptors of the Integument

_____-in stratum basale of epidermis

A

Specialized receptor cells

35
Q

Specialized receptor cells
_______-detect continuous light touch and pressure. Release
neurotransmitters to stimulate free nerve endings (called tactile discs or Merkel discs).
o Tonic receptors with very small receptive fields.

A

Merkel Cells

36
Q

General Structure of Somatosensory Pathways

Afferent neurons have a_________
o Soma of afferent neuron lies in the dorsal root ganglia.
o Action potential is initiated at the peripheral end of the neuron and travels in the
dorsal root of the spinal cord to reach a synapse in the CNS

A

pseudounipolar structure

37
Q

_______-a bundle of axons transmitting impulses towards the brain.
Usually involves three successive neurons (three levels of processing):
*Primary (1st-order) neurons
*Secondary (2nd-order)
*Tertiary (3rd-order)

A

Ascending Tracts

38
Q

Ascending Tracts:

_______-afferent neuron running from the receptor in the periphery
to form a synapse in the spinal cord or brain stem.

A

Primary (1st-order) neurons

39
Q

Ascending Tracts:

______-interneuron in spinal cord or brain stem relays information to
the thalamus. The axon of this neuron usually crosses the midline to provide contralateral
input to the brain.

A

Secondary (2nd-order)

40
Q

Ascending Tracts:

______-interneuron running from the thalamus to the primary
somatosensory cortex in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe.

A

Tertiary (3rd-order)

41
Q

What is the Sensory Pathway for light pressure and hair movement: ________

A

Dorsal column system

42
Q

In a Sensory Pathway for light pressure and hair movement, the Dorsal Column system, how are mechanoreceptors detected?

A

Primarily Merkel cells, Meissner’s corpuscles, and Hair root plexus.

43
Q 
In a Sensory Pathway for light pressure and hair movement, Dorsal Column system, the afferent fiber enters the dorsal root then travels up the dorsal
white column (ascending tract) of the spinal cord to form a synapse in the medulla oblongata what order of neurons is this?
A

Primary (1st-order) neurons

44
Q

In a Sensory Pathway for light pressure and hair movement, Dorsal Column system, interneuron with its soma in the medulla oblongata extends its axon
across the midline then up to form a synapse in a nucleus of the thalamus what order of neurons is this?

A

Secondary (2nd-order)

45
Q

Sensory Pathway for nociception and temperature is called?

A

Spinalthalamic tract

46
Q

Sensory Pathway for nociception and temperature called “Spinalthalamic tract” the afferent fiber extends from the receptor and enters the dorsal root
to form a synapse with an interneuron in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, what order of neurons is this?

A

Primary (1st-order) neurons

47
Q

Sensory Pathway for nociception and temperature called “Spinalthalamic tract” the interneuron with its soma in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord extends
its axon across the midline then up through the lateral white column of the spinal cord to form a
synapse in a nucleus of the thalamus what order of neurons is this?

A

Secondary (2nd-order)

48
Q

______-radid predictable response to a stimulus

A

Reflex

49
Q

What Component of reflex arc is this?

_______-cell that transduces the stimulus into a neural signal

A

Receptor

50
Q

What Component of reflex arc is this?
______-sensory (afferent) neurons relay the information from the
receptor into the integrating center.

A

Afferent pathway

51
Q

What Component of reflex arc is this?
______-structure that processes sensory information and sends out motor
commands. Usually found in the central nervous system.

A

Integration center

52
Q

What Component of reflex arc is this?
______-motor (efferent) neurons relay information from the
integrating center to the effector cells/organs.

A

Afferent pathway

53
Q

What Component of reflex arc is this?
_____-cells or organs (typically muscles or glands) that produce the
response.

A

Effector

54
Q

______-reflexes may be classified according to:

• Location of the integrating center, and Type of Effector Tissue Responding

A

Classification of Reflexes

55
Q

Classification of Reflexes:
Location of the integrating center:
______-have an integrating center in the spinal cord

A

Spinal Reflexes

56
Q

Classification of Reflexes:
Location of the integrating center:
______-have an integrating center in the brain

A

Cranial reflexes

57
Q

Classification of Reflexes:
Type of Effector Tissue Responding
______-have skeletal muscles as the effector organs.
§ The efferent neurons for the somatic reflexes are called somatic neurons

A

Somatic reflexes

58
Q

Classification of Reflexes:
Type of Effector Tissue Responding
______-have visceral organs, smooth muscles, or glands as
the effector organs.
§ The efferent neurons for autonomic reflexes are called autonomic
neurons.

A

autonomic reflexes

59
Q

Classification of Reflexes: Circuitry of the Integrating Center:

______-Reflexes involving an integrating center
with only one synapse.

Ex: bicep, Tricep, patellar, plantar reflex.

A

Monosynaptic reflexes

60
Q

Classification of Reflexes: Circuitry of the Integrating Center:

______-Reflexes involving integrating centers
with multiple synapses.
Ex: Cranial reflexes, pupilary reflexes

A

Polysynaptic reflexes

61
Q

Classification of Reflexes: Circuitry of the Integrating Center:

______-reflexes involving afferent and efferent
neurons both on the same (left or right) side of the body

Ex: carotid artery

A

Ipsilateral reflexes

62
Q

Classification of Reflexes: Circuitry of the Integrating Center:
_______-reflexes involving afferent neurons on
one side of body (left or right) and efferent neurons on opposite side.

Ex: eye light shine both pupils are going to constrict.

A

Contralateral

63
Q

Classification of Sensory Modalities:

_______-receptors are distributed throughout the body.

A

general senses

64
Q

Classification of Sensory Modalities:
________-receptors are concentrated in special sense organs (olfactory
epithelium, eyes, ears, and tongue).

A

Special Senses

65
Q

Special Senses:

______-travel in cranial nerves from retina (CNII), inner ears
(CNVIII), taste buds (CNs VII, IX, & X), and olfactory epithelium (CNI).

A

Special sense afferent fibers

66
Q

Special Senses:

Afferent impulses are sent to a special sense cortex:

Primary visual cortex is in the 47) ______________ lobe.

A

Occipital Lobe

67
Q

Special Senses:

Afferent impulses are sent to a special sense cortex:

Primary auditory cortex is in the lateral 48) ______________ lobe.

A

temporal lobe

68
Q

Special Senses:

Afferent impulses are sent to a special sense cortex:

Primary gustatory cortex is in the 49) ______________ lobe

A

Insular Lobe

69
Q

Special Senses:

Afferent impulses are sent to a special sense cortex:

Primary olfactory cortex is in the medial 50) ____________ lobe

A

Temporal Lobe

Exam 2 physiology (4 decks)

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