Introduction to nervous System Flashcards by Yuri Diaz

What type of function of the Nervous system is this?

_______-monitoring stimuli occurring inside and outside the body.

Sensory Input

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What type of function of the Nervous system is this?

_______-processing of sensory input and formulation of motor commands.

Integration

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What type of function of the Nervous system is this?

_______-response to stimuli by activating effector organs.

Motor output

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What type of the organization of the Nervous system is this?

______-brain and spinal cord

Central nervous System (CNS)

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What type of the organization of the Nervous system is this?
_____-all nervous tissue outside CNS

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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_______- Rapid predictable responses to specific stimulus.

Reflexes

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What Components of a reflex is this?

_____-detects stimulus

Receptor

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What Components of a reflex is this?

______-relays info to CNS

Sensory neuron

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What Components of a reflex is this?
______-region of the CNS that processes sensory information and sends motor
commands.

Integration center

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What Components of a reflex is this?

______-carries motor commands away from the CNS to the effector

Efferent neuron

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What Components of a reflex is this?
______-muscle or gland that responds to motor commands by producing the
response.

Effector

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What division of the PNS?

_______-carry info from receptors to the CNS

Afferent (sensory) division

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What division of the PNS?

______-carries impulses from skin, skeletal muscles and joints

Somatic afferent fibers

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What division of the PNS?

______-carries impulses from organs within ventral body cavities

Visceral afferent fibers

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What division of the PNS?

______-carries impulses from nose, eye, tongue, and ear.

Special sensory afferent fibers

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What division of the PNS?
______-motor neurons carry commands away from CNS to
effectors

Efferent ( motor) division

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Division of PNS but categorized by what effectors is controlled:

________-control voluntary skeletal muscle contraction

Somatic efferent fibers

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Division of PNS but categorized by what effectors is controlled:

_______-control involuntary cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

Autonomic efferent fibers

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Division of PNS Further subdivided into two divisions by the location they emerge from the CNS and function:

_______-travels through thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves and produces
the fight or flight responses to mobilize energy reserves and prepare for activity to deal with stress

Sympathetic division

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Division of PNS Further subdivided into two divisions by the location they emerge from the CNS and function:

______-travels through cranial nerves and sacral spinal nerve and
produces the rest and digest maintenance responses to store and conserve energy.

Parasympathetic division

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What structure of a typical neuron is this?

______- (cell body or perikaryon) - contains nucleus and organelles

Soma

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What structure of a typical neuron is this?

_____-branching extensions that contain receptors to detect neurotransmitters from
other neurons

Dentrites

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What structure of a typical neuron is this?

_______-where cell body tapers into the axon, site where the action
potential originates.

Axon hillock

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What structure of a typical neuron is this?

______-single long process, transmits action potential away from soma

Axon

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What structure of a typical neuron is this? ______-plasma membrane of an axon

Axolemma

What structure of a typical neuron is this? ______-insulation formed by glial cells wrapping around the axon * Nodes of Ranvier * Internodes

Myelin sheath

In Myelin sheath what is it? | ________-gaps in the myelin sheath

Nodes of Ranvier

In Myelin sheath what is it? | ________-segments of myelin

Internodes

What structure of a typical neuron is this? _______-enlarged distal ends of an axon that contain secretory vesicles filled with neurotransmitters (synaptic vesicles).

Axon terminals

What type of Functional classification of neurons is this? ______-carry sensory information from sensory receptors to CNS.

Sensory (afferent) neurons

What type of Functional classification of neurons is this? ______-(association) between sensory and motor neurons, only in CNS.

Interneurons

What type of Functional classification of neurons is this? ____-carry commands from CNS to effector organs

Motor (efferent) neurons

What structural classification of neurons is this? _______-multiple processes branching off the cell body, numerous dendrites and one axon

Multipolar neurons

What structural classification of neurons is this? _____-appear to have one extension off the cell body. This extension branches forming a long axon with dendrites on one end and axon terminals on the opposite end.  Most sensory neurons of the PNS

pseudounipolar neuron

What structural classification of neurons is this? ______-two extensions from cell body, one dendrite & one axon. Found in special sense organs.

Bipolar neuron

What are some examples of bipolar neuron?

Afferent neurons in the pathways for the special senses vision, hearing, and smell. Bipolar cells of the retina receive visual information from photoreceptors. Bipolar cells of the spiral ganglion in the cochlea receive auditory information from auditory hair cells.

What are some examples of pseudounipolar neuron?

Most sensory neurons of the PNS

_____-cells that surround and support neurons

Neuroglia (glia)-

Types of neuroglial cells of the CNS: Mneumonic device All Of My Elephants

Astrocytes cells Oligodendrocytes cells Microglia cells ependymal cells

Astrocytes cells | _____- Anchor neurons to surrounding tissues

Provide structural support

Astrocytes cells | _____- Feet wrap around capillaries and controls uptake of selected materials from the blood.

Maintain blood brain barrier

Astrocytes cells | _____- Recaptures released neurotransmitters and leaked ions.

Adjust interstitial environment

Astrocytes cells | _____- Directs growth of neurons and synapse formation.

Guides neuron development

What type of neuroglial cells of the CNS is this? _____- wrap cytoplasmic processes around the axons of neurons *Forms a white fatty insulation material called a myelin sheat

Oligodendrocytes cells

What type of neuroglial cells of the CNS is this? _______- oval cells with long thorny processes *Removes cellular debris and pathogens

Microglia cells

What type of neuroglial cells of the CNS is this? _____- Ciliated cells, line cambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid *Monitor and maiintain the composition o CSF *Assit in the circulation of CSF

Ependymal cells

Types of Neuroglial cells in the PNS;

Schwann cells and | Satellite cells

What type of neuroglial cells in the PNS is this? in nerves _____- Surrounds and protects axons in the PNS *Forms myelin sheath around some axon of PNS * ____- an outer layer that contains Schwann cell cytoplasm.

Schwann cells * Neurilemma

What type of neuroglial cells in the PNS is this? | _____- Surrounds cell bodies of neurons a. Isolates the cell body and regulates the exchange of nutrients and waste.

Satellite cells

The first step for how information is transmitted through the nervous system _____- separation of charge across the plasma membrane measured in volts.

Membrane potential

The second step for how information is transmitted through the nervous system ________- Membrane potential at rest when the cell is not receiving information in the form of graded potential or sending out information as an action potential. Resting potential is typically around -70 mV.

Resting membrane potential

The Third step for how information is transmitted through the nervous system _______- higher {Na+} outside cell higher {k+} inside cel

Chemical gradients

The fourth step for how information is transmitted through the nervous system ______- The membrane potential becomes less negative *When neurons are stimulated Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes into the cells.

Depolarization

The fifth step for how information is transmitted through the nervous system ______- a localized change in membrane potential that is short-lived and dissipates as it travels. *Can be stimulated by neurotransmitter binding to ligand-gated channels, mechanical stress, or temperature change.

Graded potential

The six-step for how information is transmitted through the nervous system ______- Electrical impulse producing a brief reversal of the membrane potential that travels down the entire length of the axon from the axon hillock to the axon terminals. *Rising (depolarization) phase of the action potential *Falling (Repolarization) phase of the action potential

Action potential

Action potential ________; Na+ rushes in through volatage gated Na+ channels *Threshold potential: V-gate Na+ channels open at membrane potential of -55 mV

Rising (depolarization) phase of the action potential.

Action potential | ______: K+ rushes out through voltage gate K+ channels

Falling ( Repolarization) phase of the action potential

What is the function of the synapse? | _____- the junction between two neurons or a neuron and muscles

Synapse

What are the structure and functions of the synapse? ______- transmits impulse towards the synapse. * ______ of the presynaptic neuron release neurotransmitters

Presynaptic neuron | *Axon terminals

What type of structure and functions of the synapse? | ______- Fluid-filled space where neurotransmitter is released

Synaptic cleft

What type of structure and functions of the synapse? | ______- receives information from the presynaptic neurons.

Postsynaptic cell ( neuron, muscle, gland, ect)

_______-energy stored in separation of positive & negative charges. Measured in units called volts (or millivolts, 1 V = 1000 mV)  Electromotive

Voltage (abbreviated V also known as Electric Potential Difference)

In Voltage (abbreviated V also known as Electric Potential Difference) ______-drives movement of charged particles resulting from voltage.

Electromotive force

_______-separation of charges across the plasma membrane. Equilibrium potential for an ion (Veq)- value of the membrane potential when there is no net flow of that ion in or out of the cell. When electromotive force is equal and opposite to the force of diffusion.  Can be calculated with the Nernst equation: Veq = (RT/zF) ln([ion]out/[ion]in) R=8.314, T= Temperature in Kelvin, z= the charge of the ion, F=96,485

Membrane potential (Vm)

[ion]out = concentration of the ion in the __________ fluid | o [K]out4 mM, [Na]out145 mM, [Cl]out120 mM

extracellular

[ion]in = concentration of the ion in the _______ of the cell o [K]in155 mM, [Na]in12 mM, [Cl]in4 mM

cytosol

Equilibrium potential for potassium (EK)  46)____________mV o The concentration gradient for K+ tends to move K+ out of the cell. o Membrane potential becomes more negative as K+ moves out. o Resulting electromotive force moves K+ into the cell.

-90 mV

Equilibrium potential for sodium (ENa)  47)______________mV o The concentration gradient for Na+ tends to move Na+ into the cell. o Membrane potential becomes more positive as Na+ moves in. o Resulting electromotive force tends to move Na+ out of the cell.

+60 mV

________-value of the membrane potential in a cell at rest

Resting Membrane Potential

In a typical neuron at rest Vm  48)________________mV.

- 70 mV

_______-In a typical neuron at rest Vm  48)________________mV.  Results from separation of ions, most significantly sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+).  Influenced by the relative permeability of the membrane to each ion.  Can be calculated with the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz (GHK) equation: Vm = (RT/F) ln((pk[K]out + pNa[Na]out)/(pk[K]in + pNa[Na]in)) pion= permeability of the membrane to that ion pk = permeability to potassium = 1 pNa = permeability to sodium  0.05  In a neuron at rest pk is much greater (at least 20 times) than pNa so the resting membrane potential (-70mV) is much closer to EK (-90mV) than ENa (+60mV)  Open or closing of ion channels affects permeability of the membrane.

Resting Membrane potential

What type of Ion channel is this? Found in the Neurons. ______-chemically gated, open when neurotransmitters bind. Found on dendrites, cell bodies, and axon hillocks

Ligand-gated ion channels

What type of Ion channel is this? Found in the Neurons. _____-open or close in response to changes in membrane potential. Found along axon.

Voltage (V)-gated channels

What type of Ion channel is this? Found in the Neurons. | _______-always open, non-gated, found everywhere

Ion Leak channels

_______-the membrane potential becomes less negative

Depolarization

_______-the membrane returns to its resting membrane potential.

Repolarization

______-membrane potential becomes more negative than resting potential

Hyperpolarization

_______-a localized change in membrane potential  Short lived and dissipates as it travels (decremental spread).  Can be stimulated by neurotransmitters binding to ligand gated channels.  If the stimulus is excitatory it will cause depolarization of the membrane.

Graded Potential

________-postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) – binding of neurotransmitter opens ligand-gated Na+ channels and causes depolarization.  Membrane potential becomes less negative and closer to reaching threshold potential therefore closer to firing an action potential.

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)

_______-postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) – binding of neurotransmitters cause hyperpolarization of the membrane therefore moving away from threshold and reducing the ability to initiate an action potential.  Can be caused by ligand-gated K+ or Cl- channels opening  K+ rushes out or Cl- rushes in, both causing the inside to become more negative.

Inhibitory Postsynatic potentials (IPSP)

_______-at most synapses a single EPSP cannot induce an action potential but they can be summed. If the axon hillock reaches threshold an action potential is triggered.

Summation

_____-summation – a presynaptic neuron increases the frequency of impulses leading to repeated graded potentials in quick succession that overlap.

Temporal summation

_______summation – postsynaptic neuron is stimulated by multiple presynaptic neurons at the same time generating multiple graded potentials simultaneously that overlap. *While summation of EPSPs leads to stronger depolarization, IPSPs and EPSPs can also overlap and cancel each other out.

Spatial summation

______-potential = -55mV the critical level the membrane potential must reach to open V-gated channels on the axon to produce an action potential.  Graded potentials initiate action potentials if threshold potential is reached at the axon hillock.

Threshold pontential open at -55 mV

________-brief reversal of the membrane potential that spreads nondecrementally down the axon.  Wave of depolarization followed by repolarization. o At a single point of the axon the A.P. lasts about 2 msec.  Does not diminishing in magnitude as it spreads (nondecremental=all or none).  Although the magnitude of action potentials does not change the frequency of axon potentials increases to reflect stronger stimuli.

Action potential (A.P)

_______-Phase of the A.P.  Graded potentials depolarize the membrane potential to threshold causing V-gated Na+ channels to open.  The V-gated Na+ channels become inactivated and cannot be activated again until a negative membrane potential causes deinactivation.

Rising

______-the time during an action potential when it is more difficult or impossible for a neuron to generate another action potential.

Refractory Period

______-when V-gated Na+ channels are inactivated another AP cannot be generated.  Ensures one-way transmission of nerve impulses  Responsible for a maximum action potential frequency. The V-gated Na+ channel takes at least 1 msec to become deinactivated so no more than 1 action potential can be fired per msec (Max A.P. frequency<1000 Hz

Absolute Referaction period

______Phase of the A.P.  V-gated Na+ channels close and V-gated K+ channels open.  Membrane potential becomes more negative as K+ rushes out.  V-gated Na+ channels become deinactivated ending the absolute refractory period

Falling

________Period  For a brief period immediately following an action potential it requires exceptionally strong stimuli to trigger another action potential: o V-gated Na+ channels can be activated again, but V-gated K+ channels are still open.

Relative refractory

Factors Influencing A.P. Conduction Velocity: Range?

Range about 0.5-120 m/s

Factors Influencing A.P. Conduction Velocity: Diameter of the axon – larger diameter 66) increases or decreases (circle your answer) the action potential velocity. Ohm’s Law: I=V/R, I=electric current, R= electrical resistance o As diameter increases (up arrow) resistance (R) decreases (down arrow).

increase

Factors Influencing A.P. Conduction Velocity: Myelination- 67) increases or decreases (circle your answer) the A.P. velocit by preventing charge leakage. o 68)____________________conduction – a mechanism where the A.P. jumps from node to node because V-gated channels are concentrated at the nodes

67. . increase | 68) Saltatory

Factors Influencing A.P. Conduction Velocity: Temperature- cold 69) increases or decreases (circle your answer) A.P. conduction velocity

decrease

Factors Influencing A.P. Conduction Velocity: Calcium- extracellular calcium 70) increases or decreases (circle your answer) the A.P, conduction velocity by blocking V-gated sodium channels. o Hypercalcemia- elevated extracellular calcium decreases the permeability of V-gated sodium channels leading to decreased muscle tone, fatigue, weakness, and slow reflexes. o Hypocalcemia- low extracellular calcium increases the permeability of V-gated sodium channels leading to muscle spasms, cramps, seizures, burning and prickling sensations

decrease

Factors Influencing A.P. Conduction Velocity: | _______-the local anesthetics lidocaine and Procaine (Novocaine) block V-gated sodium channels.

Drugs

what is the process to Release of Neurotransmitters and Transmission Across the Synapse?

Action potential reaches the axon terminal.  V-gated channels open and Calcium ions flood into the terminal causing synaptic vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.  Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors.  Neurotransmitters are released from the receptors. Then the signal is terminated as the neurotransmitters are inactivated, pumped out of the synapse, or diffuse away.

What type of classification of Neurotransmitters by Function is this? ``` ______-neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate) stimulate the postsynaptic cell (membrane potential will be depolarized). ```

Exicitatory

What type of classification of Neurotransmitters by Function is this? _______-neurotransmitters (e.g., GABA and glycine) reduces the activity of the postsynaptic cell (causes hyperpolarization).

Inhibitory