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Exam 2 physiology > Cell signaling > Flashcards

Cell signaling Flashcards

1
Q

________-communication processes regulating activity of cells

A

Cell signalings

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2
Q

What are the cellular effects of Chemical Signals?

A

*Activate or inhibit enzymes
• Direct protein synthesis through activation of transcription factors
• Stimulate cell division
• Alter membrane permeability

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3
Q

what is the Alter membrane permeability?

A

Is a membrane potential or opening/closing of ions channels

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4
Q

______- Communication between cells.

A

Intercellular signaling

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5
Q

What is an example of Intercellular signaling?

A

Hormones and neurotransmitters are intercellular signals released by one cell and received by another cell. The hormone epinephrine is produced by the adrenal medulla during the stress response to stimulate the mobilization of energy reserves. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released by the axons of somatic motor neurons to stimulate contraction of skeletal muscle

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6
Q

_____-Communication within a cell

A

Intracellular signaling

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7
Q

What is an example of Intracellular signaling?

A

Production of the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) by the enzyme adenylyl cyclase in cardiomyocytes stimulates the opening of calcium ion channels leading to increased force of contraction.

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8
Q

______-through diffusion, ligands affect cells in the local vicinity

A

Paracrine

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9
Q

In Paracrine:
______-chemical messages secreted by neurons
o Diffuse across the synaptic cleft and target the adjacent cell (neuron, gland, muscle)

A

Neurotransmitters

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10
Q

What is an example of the neurotransmitters in Paracrine signaling?

A

acetylcholine is released by neurons: in the brain and ganglia of the autonomic nervous system to stimulate other neurons, at the neuromuscular junction to excite contraction of skeletal muscles

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11
Q

In paracrine signaling:
_______-local signals that regulate growth and development.
o Usually proteins secreted by cells within a tissue that is growing or in the process of tissue repair.

A

Growth Factors

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12
Q

What is an example of the Growth factors in paracrine signaling?

A

epidermal growth factor (EGF) is produced locally within growing tissues to stimulate cell proliferation (mitotic cell division).

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13
Q

________-chemical message is secreted into the blood to travel to distant target cells.

A

Endocrine signaling

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14
Q

In Endocrine Signaling

________-chemical messages produced by endocrine glands.

A

Hormones

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15
Q

What type of hormone of the Endocrine signaling is this?
______-usually proteins or modified amino acids. Cannot cross the plasma membrane so they will usually bind to cell surface protein receptors

A

Water soluble hormones

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16
Q

What is an example of a water soluble hormone in the Endocrine Signaling?

A

Epinephrine is produced by the adrenal glands. Glucagon is produced by the pancreas.

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17
Q

What type of hormone of the Endocrine signaling is this?

_____-usually steroids

A

Lipid soluble hormones

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18
Q

What is an example of a lipid soluble hormone in the Endocrine Signaling?

A

Testosterone is produced by the testis. Estrogen is produced by the ovaries.

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19
Q

What type of hormone of the Endocrine Signaling is this?

______-chemical messages secreted into the blood by neurons

A

neurohormones

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20
Q

True or Flase

Are neurohormones most peptides or modified amino acids?

A

True

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21
Q

True or Flase

Are Neurohormones water soluble?

A

True

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22
Q

What is an example of a Neurohorme in the Endocrine signaling?

A

oxytocin produced by neurons in the hypothalamus that have

axon terminals in the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis).

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23
Q

______-very similar to paracrine signaling but the chemical

message acts on the same cell that produced it.

A

Autocrine signaling

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24
Q

True or False

Paracrine signals can usually also function as autocrine sign

A

True

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25
Q

What is an example of the Autocrine signaling?

A

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is released by cells in a growing tissue (including some cancers) to stimulate proliferation. Cells that produce EGF also have receptors for EGF (EGFR). Many axon terminals also have receptors for the neurotransmitter that they release

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26
Q

______-Direct contact between cells

A

Juxtracrine Signaling

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27
Q

In Juxtracrine Signaling

______-cells are connected by tunnels formed by connexons

A

Gap Junctions

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28
Q

True or false;

Gap Junctions allows ions and small water soluble chemicals to pass between cells

A

Gap Junctions

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29
Q

What is an example of a Gap Junctions in the Juxtracrine Signaling?

A

electric currents spread from cell to cell through cardiac muscle and single-unit smooth muscle tissues during excitation.

30
Q

In Juxtracrine Signaling

______-interaction of cell-surface molecules

A

Cell to cell recognition

31
Q

What is an example of Cell to cell recognition in the Juxtracrine Signaling?

A

Cadherins are cell adhesion proteins bind to each other on neighboring cells and contribute to mechanisms that regulate the growth and development. Receptors on the surface of phagocytic leukocytes present antigens from engulfed pathogens to T lymphocytes to stimulate the adaptive immune response

32
Q

In receptor proteins

_____- recognize ligands within the cell.

A

Intracellular receptor proteins

33
Q

What is an example of a Intracellular receptor Protein?

A

Androgen receptors in the cytoplasm bind to the ligand dihydrotestosterone (activated form of testosterone a steroid hormone). Thyroid hormone receptors in the nucleus bind to the ligand triiodothyronine (T3).

34
Q

In receptor proteins

________-recognize ligands in the extracellular environment

A

Cell surface receptor proteins

35
Q

What are Ion Channels- linked receptors known as?

A

Ligand-gated ion channels

36
Q

True or False:
In an Ion Channel- linked receptors, Multiple transmembrane domains create a pore in the membrane that can open and close when the receptor changes shape.

A

True

37
Q

True or False:
In an Ion Channel- linked receptors, When activated by the ligand binding to the extracellular domain the pore opens allowing ions to flow in or out of the cell.

A

True

38
Q

What is an example of Ion channel- linked receptors?

A

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors imbedded in the plasma membrane binds to the ligand acetylcholine (a water soluble neurotransmitter).

39
Q

True or False G protein- linked receptor have Seven transmembrane domains?

A

True

40
Q

True or False G protein- linked receptor have Intracellular domain binds to a heterotrimeric G-protein with three subunits α, β, and γ.

A

True

41
Q

True or False
G protein- linked receptor have Activation by the ligand binding to extracellular domains of the receptor causes a G-protein to releases GDP and pick up GTP

A

True

42
Q

In a G protein- linked receptor Activation by the ligand binding to extracellular domains of the receptor causes a G-protein to releases GDP and pick up _____.

A

GTP.

43
Q

In a G protein- linked receptor, Then the subunits of the G-protein then split into the α subunit and the βγ subunit that can stimulate separate _________.

A

intracellular signals

44
Q

In a G protein- linked receptor, After signaling, the GTP on the active α subunit of the G-protein is hydrolyzed to ____.

A

GDP

45
Q

In a G protein- linked receptor, The ____ subunit and the _____ subunits rejoin and return to the receptor to be activated again

A

α Subunits

βγ subunits

46
Q

What is an example of G-protein- linked receptors ?

A

Adrenergic receptors on the surface of cells that bind to the ligands epinephrine (a water soluble hormone) and norepinephrine (a water soluble hormone and neurotransmitter).

47
Q

Enzyme- Linked receptor:
Example: Receptor Tyrosine Kiinase:

Have a single _______ domain

A

transmembrane

48
Q

Enzyme- Linked receptor:
Example: Receptor Tyrosine Kiinase:

Intracellular domains that function as protein _______ (enzymes that add phosphate groups to the amino acids in other proteins)

A

kinases

49
Q

Enzyme- Linked receptor:
Example: Receptor Tyrosine Kiinase:

When activated by the ligand binding to the extracellular domain the two receptors form a dimer and each receptor phosphorylates _________ on the opposite receptor.

A

intracellular tyrosine amino acids

50
Q

Enzyme- Linked receptor:
Example: Receptor Tyrosine Kiinase:

The phosphorylated receptor then activates other _______ proteins.

A

intracellular signaling

51
Q

What is a specific Example of Enzyme- Linked receptor:

A

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) binds the ligand Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF a water soluble signaling protein).

52
Q

_______- a cascade of biochemical events that occurs within a cell to regulate cellular responses following activation of a receptor protein (usually cell surface receptors).

A

Signal Transduction pathway

53
Q

_______- small chemicals (usually not proteins) that function as intracellular signals produced or released in response to activation of a cell surface receptor by an extracellular ligand

A

Second (2nd) messengers

54
Q

What is an example of a Second (2nd) messenger?

A

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), calcium ions (Ca2+), inositol triphosphate (IP3), diacylglycerol (DAG).

55
Q

Stimulation of glycogenolysis by epinephrine:

______- is a polysaccharide produced in animal cells that is composed of repeating glucose monomers.

A

Glycogen

56
Q

Stimulation of glycogenolysis by epinephrine:

_______- is the hydrolysis of glycogen to release glucose.

A

Glycogenolysis

57
Q

Stimulation of glycogenolysis by epinephrine:

_______- (also known as adrenaline) is a water-soluble small molecule produced from the amino acid tyrosine that functions as a hormone produce by the adrenal glands to mobilize energy reserves during a “fight or flight” stress response

A

Epinephrine

58
Q

What type of cell surface receptor is this?

_________- receptors are heterotrimeric G-protein coupled receptors stimulated by epinephrine (and the chemically similar hormone/neurotransmitter norepinephrine).

A

Adrenergic

59
Q

What is the process of Signal transduction pathway?

A

Gαs of the adrenergic receptor activate Adenylyl cyclase to produce the second messenger cAMP.

  • cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA)
  • PKA activates phosphorylase kinase
  • GPK Glycogen Phosphorylase Kinase *phosphorylase kinase activates glycogen phosphorylase and cellular response
60
Q

In cellular response Glycogenolysis releases glucose from _______

A

glycogen

61
Q

_________ cascade- a sequence of multiple protein kinases that phosphorylate other proteins to regulate a cellular response

A

Phosphorylation Cascade

62
Q

Phosphorylation Cascade:

________-enzymes that perform phosphorylation (add a phosphate to a molecule).

A

Kinases

63
Q

Phosphorylation Cascade:

________- enzymes that remove a phosphate group from a molecule.

A

Phosphatases

64
Q

Phosphorylation Cascade in Phospatases how does it work?

A

Phosphorylation often activates proteins in a phosphorylation cascade but in some cases phosphorylation inhibits the signaling function of a protein and removing the phosphate activates the protein.

65
Q

What is an example of phosphorylation cascade in the regulation of glycogenolysis

A

Example of a phosphorylation cascade in the regulation of glycogenolysis (the first phosphorylation cascade discovered): Protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylates phosphorylase kinase leading to its activation. Phosphorylase kinase subsequently phosphorylates the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase. Phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase activates this enzyme to catalyze the key step in glycogenolysis releasing glucose from glycogen

66
Q

What is an example of phosphorylation cascade in a phosphorylation cascade stimulating cell proliferation?

A

Example of a phosphorylation cascade stimulating cell proliferation. Raf phosphorylates MEK activating it to phosphorylate the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activating it to phosphorylates many target proteins leading to mitosis. One of the targets of ERK is the phosphatase Cdc25 which removes the inhibitory phosphates from cyclindependent kinases (Cdks) activating them to phosphorylate other targets leading to cell proliferation

67
Q

Stimulation of cell proliferation by epidermal growth factor in a Cell Surface receptor?

A

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) binds to a receptor tyrosine kinase called EGFR

68
Q

Stimulation of cell proliferation by epidermal growth factor in a Signal transduction pathway ?

A

EGFR and associated proteins activated the small G-protein Ras o Ras activates the Raf, MEK, ERK phosphorylation cascade
o ERK regulates a variety of cellular targets including Cdc25

69
Q

Stimulation of cell proliferation by epidermal growth factor in a Cellular response?

A

Cell proliferation (mitotic cell division)

70
Q

ERK regulates a variety of cellular targets including Cdc25 increasing Cynclins turns to ……

A

Cell proliferation (mitotic Cell Division)

Exam 2 physiology (4 decks)

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