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Physiology Exam 4 > Neurophysiology 8: Auditory (Lecture 82) > Flashcards

Neurophysiology 8: Auditory (Lecture 82) Flashcards

1
Q

Hearing is a response to what?

A

Vibrating air molecules

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2
Q

What is the definition of equilibrium?

A

The sense of motion, body orientation, and balance

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3
Q

Where are hearing and equilibrium both transduced?

A

Inner ear -> vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

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4
Q

What are the three parts of the inner ear?

A

Bony labyrinth
Membranous labyrinth
Cochlea

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5
Q

The bony labyrinth is a passageway in ______ _____ ______.

A

Petrous temporal bone

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6
Q

Membranous labyrinth is connective tissue tubes within ____ ______

A

Bony labyrinth

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7
Q

What is the membranous labyrinth filled with?
What is the membranous labyrinth floating in?

A

Filled with endolymph: similar to intracellular fluid, high in K+
Floating in perilymph: similar to cerebrospinal fluid

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8
Q

What are the three ducts of the cochlea?

A
  1. Scala vestibuli
  2. Scala tympani
  3. Scala media (cochlear duct)
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9
Q

What is the Scala vestibuli in the cochlea?

What is it filled with?

Begins at _____ _______ and spirals to _____

A

Dorsal chamber

Perilymph

Begins at oval window and spirals to apex

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10
Q

What is the Scala tympani in the cochlea?

What is it filled with?

Beings at _____ and ends at ____ _______.

A

Ventral chamber

Filled with perilymph

Begins at apex and ends at round window (Secondary tympanic membrane)

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11
Q

What is the Scala media (cochlear duct) in the cochlea?

What is it filled with?

A

Triangular middle chamber

Filled with endolymph (K+ rich)

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12
Q

Where are the stereocilica of hair cells embedded?

A

Tectorial membrane

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13
Q

What do hair cells release from their base? They’ are capable of exciting which cranial nerve?

A

Release neurotransmitter from their base

Exciting the cochlear branch of CN VIII

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14
Q

The taller the wave = The _______ the sound

A

Louder

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15
Q

What is conductive deadness?

A

Conditions interfere with transmission of vibrations to inner ear

(Damaged tympanic membrane, Ottis media, tumors polyps, middle ear fluid)

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16
Q

What is sensorineural (nerve) deafness?

A

Death of hair cells, CN VIII, or any CNS system elements concerned with hearing

(Genetic, geriatric, acquired)

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17
Q

What contains the first order neuron for the auditory pathway?

A

Cochlear n

18
Q

What is the cochlear nuclei in?

A

Medulla

19
Q

Where does the auditory pathway end up?

A

Contralateral auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

20
Q

What is acoustic startle reflex?

What is pathway for this reflex

A

Reflex turning of head and neck

Caudal colliculus -> rostrato colliculus ->tectospinal tract -> stimulate neck muscle ispilatereal contact reaction

21
Q

How does stapedius reflex work

A

Stapedius muscle contracts
Pulls auditory ossicles
Decreased piston effect
Dampen vibrations transmitted to cochlea

22
Q

What the receptors for olfaction?

A

Chemoreceptors

23
Q

Olfaction and gustaton transduce _____ ______ into _____ _______

A

Chemical signals into electrical signals

24
Q

What is the primary afferent neuron itself in the olfactory receptor?

A

Olfactory receptor cells itself

25
Q

Why is gustatory receptor a specialized epithelial cell?

A

Transducers chemical signals and then sends electrical signals to primary afferent neuron

26
Q

Which was does air go into olfactory areas

A

Unidirectional laminar flow

27
Q

What is the right nostril used for?

A

Novel or noxious smells

28
Q

What is the left nostril used for?

A

Familiar cells

29
Q

What do olfactory receptors line?

A

Olfactory epithelium on ethmoturbinates

30
Q

Can most neurons undergo mitosis and replace themselves

A

No

31
Q

What is special abouit basal cells in olfacotory epithelium?

A

They divide and replace themselves to replace olfactory neurons

32
Q

Olfactory Transduction?

A

All you have to know is:

G-protein coupled receptor
Action potential created in primary afferent neuron

33
Q

What is the olfactory path ?

A

Cribiform plate to olfactory bulb (1st order neuron) -> mitral cell (2nd order neuron)

34
Q

What is the olfactory Cortex?

A

Piriform lobe

35
Q

(TRUE/FALSE) In olfactory pathway transmission through thalamus is required

A

NOT REQUIRED

36
Q

Where are taste buds located in?

A

Tongue, palate , pharynx, larynx

37
Q

How do taste receptor cells work?

A

Have microfilm that contain the taste chemoreceptors

38
Q

What is the taste transduction for bitter, sweet, or savory?

A

G-protein coupled receptor
Signaling cascaded eventually opens transient receptor potential
Receptor cell is depolarized

39
Q

What is the taste transduction for sour or salty?

A

Chemicals bind and directly open inotrophic epithelial sodium channels to allow H or Na to enter
Receptor cell is depolaraized

40
Q

The primary afferent axons of first order neurons are located in which cranial neverves?

A

IX, VII and X

Physiology Exam 4 (8 decks)

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