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Physiology Exam 4 > Neurophysiology 7: Vision (Lecture 81) > Flashcards

Neurophysiology 7: Vision (Lecture 81) Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

Eyes that are binocular are indicative of?

A

Carnivores or predators

Have better depth perception

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2
Q

Eyes that are lateralized are indicative of?

A

Ruminants or prey

Have larger fields of vision

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3
Q

What are the three tunics/layers of the eye?

A

Fibrous
Vascular
Nervous System

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4
Q

Where are the photo receptors located?

A

On the back of the retina

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5
Q

Where is the visual blind spot?

A

Optic disk

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6
Q

Which part of the eye does the majority of the bending of the light?

A

Cornea

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7
Q

Does the cornea or lens refract more light?

A

Cornea refracts light more than the lens does

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8
Q

Light is _______ _____ and ____ on the retina

A

Upside down
Reversed

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9
Q

What are the layers of the retina?

A
  1. Pigament cell layer
  2. Photoreceptor layer
  3. Outer nuclear layer
  4. Outer plexiform layer
  5. Inner nuclear layer
  6. Inner plexiform plexus
  7. Ganglion cell layer
  8. Optic Nerve Layer
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10
Q

What is the function of the pigament cell layer ?

A

Absorbs light and prevents light scatter between photoreceptors

Convert trans-retinal to cis-retinal needed by photoreceptors

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11
Q

What is the Tapetem lucidum?

A

Reflective layer in choroid that increases light detection in dark conditions

Retinal pigment epithelium lacks melanin overlying tapetum

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12
Q

What are the two photoreceptors?

A

Rods and cone

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13
Q

What is the photoreceptors type of the rod? What is the function of this?

A

Rhodopsin

Absorbs light

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14
Q

What part of vision do rods aid in?

A

Night
Scotopic vision
Monochromatic vision

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15
Q

What part of vision do cones aid in?

A

Color, photopic, or day vision

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16
Q

What is the photoreceptors type of the cones?

A

Photopsins or iodopsins

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17
Q

How many photopsins do humans and primates have? How many do dogs have?

A

3 types in humans and primates
2 types in dogs, horses, and other domestic animals

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18
Q

How to stimulate action potential in rods and cones?

A

G-protein coupled receptors

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19
Q

In the dark, rhodopsin contains _________

Light absorption causes transformation to ________, which dissociates from opsin (bleaching reaction)

Study These Flashcards
A

Cis-retinal

Trans-retinal

20
Q

After bleaching, rhodopsin must be rebuilt for the rod to function. What is this process?

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A
  1. Trans-retinal transported to pigmented layer and actively converted to cis-retinal
  2. Cis-retinal transported back into rod and combined with opsin
  3. Process is slow for rhodopsin—rods don’t function well in bright light
21
Q

After bleaching, the process for cone photospins is similar to that of rhodopsins. BUT how does it differ?

Study These Flashcards
A

THIS IS FASTER THAN THE PROCESS FOR RHODOPSIN

1.) more intense light needed for bleaching
2.) photopsin regenerates rapidly

22
Q

Explain the phototransduction process.

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Conversion of cis->trans-retinal changes shape of G-protein
  2. PDE degrades cGMP
  3. CGMP gated Na+ channels
  4. Hyperpolarize the cell and decrease glutamate release
23
Q

What is the first order neuron for the retinal pathway?

24
Q

What is the 2nd order neuron for the retinal pathway?

Study These Flashcards
A

Ganglion cells

25
Under what condition do rods work best? Why is this?
Rods work best in dim light/dark conditions One photon of light can activate a rod, many needed to activate a cone
26
Why can one photon of light activate a rod, but you need many to activate a cone?
Due to greater sensitivity and amount of photo pigment in rods
27
Why are bipolar cells more likely to be activated by low levels of light?
Convergence of rods
28
Why is there less sensitivity of cone pathway to light?
One cone or just a few cones converge on one bipolar cell
29
What makes up a bipolar cell? (For rods)
Many rods converge
30
What is the pathway for conscious perception of vision?
Optic nerve -> optic chasm -> optic tract ->
31
Where is the lateral geniculate nucleus?
In the thalamus
32
What is the 3rd oder neuron in the conscious perception of vision pathway?
Lateral geniculate nucleus in thalamus
33
Each visual field represented in the ______ optic tract.
Contralateral
34
The closer together the eyes are, the more _____________________________,
The more input each eye gets from BOTH visual fields
35
Increased medial eye placement -> _____ _____ _______ ______ -> _______ _______ ________ _______
Increased binocular vision overlap -> decreased decussation at optic chiasm
36
(True/false) Visual input that crosses the midline before entering the eye does NOT need to cross the midline again.
True
37
Which species has more decussation: cat or horse?
A horse
38
Does a pupillary light response mean that the animal is visual in that eye?
No
39
(TRUE/FASLE) Having a pupillary light response does not guarantee that we have conscious perception of vision.
TRUE
40
What two fibers does the optic tract contain?
Pupillary light response Vision fibers
41
Where is the pupillary light response located?
Is subcortical Midbrain
42
What does anisocoria mean?
Different size pupils
43
More decussation = more ____ the eyes
Lateral
44
What type of response is the menace response?
Cortical response
45
Describe the menace reflex pathway
Menace reflex tests the retina -> optic nerve -> optic chiasm -> optic tract -> visual cortex -> facial nucleus in medulla
46
What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex?
Initiates compensating eye movement to keep vision fixed when head turns CHICKEN VIDEO SLAY SLAYYYYY
47
Visual startle reflex pathway?
Rostral colliculus in midbrain -> decussation -> descends cord in the to spinal tract -> contraction of neck muscle to turn toward stimulus

Physiology Exam 4 (8 decks)

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