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Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

For secretions in enteric NS:
Submucosal vs. Myenteric

A

Submucosal/Meissner

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2
Q

For motility in enteric NS:
Submucosal vs. Myenteric

A

Myenteric/Auerbach

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3
Q

Location of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous systems

A

Sympathetic:
• Preganglionic: thoracolumbar
• Postganglionic: prevertebral/paravertebral ganglia

Parasympathetic
• Preganglionic: craniosacral
• Postganglionic: walls of effector organs

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4
Q

What are the adrenoreceptors (sympa) and cholinoreceptors (para and sympa) that utilize Inositol Triphosphate as 2nd messengers?

A

Alpha-1 receptor
Muscarinic-1 receptor
Muscarinic-3 receptor

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5
Q

Adrenoreceptors that cause smooth muscle contraction (e.g., vasoconstriction of arteries to inc. BP)

A

Alpha-1 receptors (Gq)

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6
Q

Adrenoreceptors that are located in the sympathetic postganglionic presynaptic nerve terminals. When stimulated, they inhibit NE release from presynaptic nerve terminals —> promote PARA effects

A

Alpha-2 receptors (Gi)

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7
Q

Adrenoreceptor for heart and kidney (pusong bato)
Inc. HR, conduction velocity, and SV

A

Beta-2 receptors (Gs)

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8
Q

Adrenoreceptor that causes smooth muscle relaxation (e.g., bronchodilation)

A

Beta-2 receptors (Gs)

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9
Q

Adrenoreceptor that causes lipolysis of brown adipose tissue for generation of heat (for babies)

A

Beta-3 receptors (Gs)

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10
Q

Cholinoreceptors which bind with ACh to open Na-K channels (in MEP of skeletal muscles and autonomic ganglia)

A

Nicotinic receptors

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11
Q

Location of M1 receptors

A

Brain

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12
Q

Location of M2 receptors

A

Heart

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13
Q

Location of M3 receptors

A

Glands
Smooth muscles

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14
Q

An autonomic receptor blocked by hexamethonium (ganglionic non-depolarizing blocker) at the ganglia but not at NMJ

A

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors

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15
Q

This receptor mediates secretion of Epinephrine by adrenal medulla

A

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors

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16
Q

A drug given for pheochromocytoma that serves as an alpha-1 (and some alpha-2) antagonist. Thus, it decreases IP3/Ca

A

Phenoxybenzamine
Phentolamine
Propanolol (BB)

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17
Q

Characteristics of the 2-motor neuron system of PARASYMPATHETIC NS

A

PLASMA
P - Parasympathetic
L - Long preganglionic tract
A - ACh used
S - Short postganglionic tract
M - Muscarinic receptor
A - ACh used

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18
Q

Characteristics of the 2-motor neuron system of SYMPATHETIC NS

A

SSALAEn
S - Sympathetic
S - Short preganglionic tract
A - ACh used
L - Long postganglionic tract
A - Adrenergic receptors
E - Epinephrine & norepinephrine used

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19
Q

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Mydriasis

A

Sympathetic (a1)

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20
Q

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Contraction of ciliary muscle - near vision (accomodation)

A

Parasympathetic (M)

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21
Q

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Sweating

A

Sympathetic cholinergic (M)

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22
Q

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Vasodilation of skeletal muscles

A

Sympathetic (B2)

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23
Q

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Vasoconstriction (skin, vein, arterioles of GI)

A

Sympathetic (A1)

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24
Q

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Bronchoconstriction

A

Parasympathetic (M3)

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25
Q

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Inc. GI motility

A

Parasympathetic (M3)

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26
Q

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
GI Sphincter relaxation

A

Parasympathetic (M3)

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27
Q

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Detrusor muscle contraction and GU sphincter relaxation

A

Parasympathetic (M3)

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28
Q

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Pregnant uterine contraction and relaxation

A

Sympathetic (A1 & B2)

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29
Q

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis

A

Sympathetic

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30
Q

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Inc. exocrine pancreatic secretion

A

Parasympathetic

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31
Q

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Lipolysis of fat cells

A

Sympathetic (B1)

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32
Q

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Salivary amylase secretion (ptyalin)

A

Sympathetic

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33
Q

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Pineal gland melatonin synthesis

A

Sympathetic

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34
Q

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
For far vision dilation

A

Sympathetic (B)

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35
Q

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Decreased GI motility

A

Sympathetic (A2 & B2)

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36
Q

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Constrict GI sphincters

A

Sympathetic (A1)

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37
Q

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Ejaculation

A

Sympathetic (A1)

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38
Q

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Relaxation of bladder wall

A

Sympathetic (B2)

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39
Q

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Constricts urinary sphincter

A

Sympathetic (A1)

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40
Q

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Renin secretion and RAAS

A

Sympathetic (B1)

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41
Q

What type of antihypertensive is prazosin?

A

Alpha-1 antagonist (in vascular smooth muscle)–> dec. BP

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42
Q

Why does atropine cause sympathetic effects, but not increased sweating (a sympathetic effect)?

A

Inc. sweating is a sympathetic effect but with final muscarinic receptors. Atropine is an anti-muscarinic –> will decrease sweating

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43
Q

Why is propranolol contraindicated in patients with asthma?

A

Propanolol is a non-selective beta antagonist. It also inhibits B2-receptors which increase bronchodilation when stimulated. If administered with propranolol, pt will have bronchoconstriction

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44
Q

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS
- Type of receptor
- Agonist vs. Antagonist

DRUG(S): Phenylephrine

A

A1-agonists

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45
Q

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS
- Type of receptor
- Agonist vs. Antagonist

DRUG(S): Phenoxybenzamine, Phentolamine, Prazosin

A

A1-antagonists

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46
Q

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS
- Type of receptor
- Agonist vs. Antagonist

DRUG(S): Clonidine, Methyldopa

A

A2-agonist

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47
Q

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS
- Type of receptor
- Agonist vs. Antagonist

DRUG(S): Yohimbine

A

A2-antagonist

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48
Q

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS
- Type of receptor
- Agonist vs. Antagonist

DRUG(S): Dobutamine

A

B1-agonist

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49
Q

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS
- Type of receptor
- Agonist vs. Antagonist

DRUG(S): Metoprolol

A

B1-antagonist

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50
Q

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS
- Type of receptor
- Agonist vs. Antagonist

DRUG(S): Albuterol

A

B2-agonist

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51
Q

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS
- Type of receptor
- Agonist vs. Antagonist

DRUG(S): Butaxamine

A

B2-antagonist

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52
Q

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS
- Type of receptor
- Agonist vs. Antagonist

DRUG(S): Nicotine

A

N-agonist

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53
Q

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS
- Type of receptor
- Agonist vs. Antagonist

DRUG(S): Muscarine

A

M-agonist

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54
Q

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS
- Type of receptor
- Agonist vs. Antagonist

DRUG(S): Curare, Hexamethonium

A

N-antagonist

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55
Q

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS
- Type of receptor
- Agonist vs. Antagonist

DRUG(S): Atropine

A

M-antagonist

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56
Q

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS
- Type of receptor
- Agonist vs. Antagonist

DRUG(S): Norepinephrine

A

A1 and B1 agonist

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57
Q

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS
- Type of receptor
- Agonist vs. Antagonist

DRUG(S): Isoproterenol

A

B1 and B2 (nonselective) agonist

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58
Q

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS
- Type of receptor
- Agonist vs. Antagonist

DRUG(S): Propanolol

A

B1 and B2 (nonselective) antagonist

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59
Q

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS
- Type of receptor
- Agonist vs. Antagonist

DRUG(S): ACh, Carbachol

A

N and M agonists

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60
Q

Migrated neural cells that secrete Epi and NE from Adrenal Medulla

A

Chromaffin cells

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61
Q

Function of Edinger-Westphal nucleus (CN III nucleus)

A

Pupil constriction
Lens accommodation

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62
Q

Sympathetic innervation of lacrimal gland

A

Ophthalmic branch of Trigeminal n. (CNV1 of CN V)

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63
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of lacrimal gland

A

Facial nerve CN VII (Lacrimal nucleus)

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64
Q

Characteristics/components/centers of the Medulla

A

Vasomotor center
Respiratory center (DRG, VRG)
Swallowing, coughing, and vomiting centers (anything that has to do with the mouth)

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65
Q

Characteristics/components/centers of the Pons

A

Micturition center
Pneumotaxic center
Apneustic center

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66
Q

Characteristics/components/centers of the Hypothalamus

A

5 FS
-Food & thirst
-Flight
-Fight
-Furnace (temp. regulation)
-Fornication

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67
Q

Characteristics/components/centers of the Thalamus

A

Relay center for all sensations (except olfaction)
Memory recall

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68
Q

Characteristics/components/centers of the Frontal lobe

A

Higher cortical functions
- Motor
- Personality
- Calculation
- Judgement

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69
Q

Characteristics/components/centers of the Parietal lobe

A

Somatosensory cortex (sensation)

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70
Q

Characteristics/components/centers of the Occipital lobe

A

Vision

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71
Q

Characteristics/components/centers of the Temporal lobe

A

Hearing
Vestibular processing
Recognition of faces
Optic pathway (Meyer’s loop)

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72
Q

Characteristics/components/centers of the Limbic lobe

A

Behaviors, emotions, motivation (BEM)
*It is located below the frontal lobe

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73
Q

Sensory systems encode for

A

Modality
Location
Intensity
Duration

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74
Q

What are the a) warmth threshold, b) cold threshold, and c) temp where cold receptors become inactive again?

A

Warmth threshold: 30 C
Cold threshold: 24 C
Inactivation of cold receptors: <10 C

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75
Q

___________-adapting receptors/___________ receptors are for continuous stimulus strength (steady)
*Martyrs

A

Slow
Tonic

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76
Q

___________-adapting receptors/___________ receptors are for detecting change in stimulus strength (onset and offset)
*Players

A

Fast
Phasic

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77
Q

Characteristic of Type I receptive field

A

Smaller but with well-defined borders
*best for 2-point discrimination

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78
Q

Characteristic of Type II receptive field

A

Wider but with poorly-defined borders

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79
Q

Sensory nerve fibers most and least susceptible to hypoxia

A

Most - Type B
Least - Type C

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80
Q

Sensory nerve fibers most and least susceptible to pressure

A

Most - Type A
Least - Type C

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81
Q

Sensory nerve fibers most and least susceptible to local anesthetics

A

Most - Type C
Least - Type A

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82
Q

MATCH SENSORY FIBER TYPE TO GENERAL FIBER TYPE:
Muscle spindle afferents (for proprioception and position sense)

A

A-alpha/Type Ia fibers

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83
Q

MATCH SENSORY FIBER TYPE TO GENERAL FIBER TYPE:
Golgi tendon organs (for proprioception and position sense)

A

A-alpha/Type Ib fibers

84
Q

MATCH SENSORY FIBER TYPE TO GENERAL FIBER TYPE:
Secondary afferents of muscle spindles, touch, pressure

A

A-beta/Type II fibers

85
Q

MATCH SENSORY FIBER TYPE TO GENERAL FIBER TYPE:
Intrafusal fibers

A

A-gamma fibers

86
Q

MATCH SENSORY FIBER TYPE TO GENERAL FIBER TYPE:
Touch, pressure, fast pain, and temperature

A

A-delta/Type III fibers

87
Q

MATCH SENSORY FIBER TYPE TO GENERAL FIBER TYPE:
Preganglionic autonomic fibers

88
Q

MATCH SENSORY FIBER TYPE TO GENERAL FIBER TYPE:
Slow pain, temperature, smell, itch, tickle, sexual
Postganglionic autonomic fibers

A

C/Type IV fibers

89
Q

SENSORY PATHWAY: SENSORY RECEPTOR –> SENSORY CORTEX
1st order, 2nd order, 3rd order, and 4th order nuclei

A

1st order: Dorsal root oriCranial nerve ganglia
2nd order: Spinal cord or brainstem
3rd order: Relay nucleus of thalamus
4th order: Sensory cortex

90
Q

SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAYS: TOUCH, MOVEMENT, TEMP, PAIN
Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Tract
Fibers:
Decussation:
Sensations:

A
  • A-beta/Type II fibers
  • Near the medulla
  • Touch w/ fine gradation and localization, vibration, movement, proprioception, fine pressure, 2-point discrimination
91
Q

SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAYS: TOUCH, MOVEMENT, TEMP, PAIN
Anterolateral/Spinothalamic
Fibers:
Decussation:
Sensations:

A
  • A-delta, C/Type III and IV fibers
  • Immediately (just ascend 1-2 vertebral levels)
  • pain, temperature, light touch, light pressure, tickle, itch, sexual
92
Q

TACTILE RECEPTORS:
Onion-shaped

A

Pacinian corpuscles (FA2)

93
Q

TACTILE RECEPTORS:
Iggo dome receptors if piled

A

Merkel disc (SA1)

94
Q

TACTILE RECEPTORS:
Found in hairless skin (fingertips, lips)

A

Meissner corpuscles (FA1)

95
Q

TACTILE RECEPTORS:
For crude touch, temperature, pressure

A

Free nerve endings

96
Q

TACTILE RECEPTORS:
For low-frequency (slow) vibration

A

Meissner corpuscle (FA1)

97
Q

TACTILE RECEPTORS:
For high-frequency (fast) vibration and tapping

A

Pacinian corpuscles (FA2)

98
Q

TACTILE RECEPTORS:
For moving 2-point discrimination

A

Meissner corpuscle (FA1)

99
Q

TACTILE RECEPTORS:
For stationary 2-point discrimination

A

Merkel’s disc (SA1)

100
Q

TACTILE RECEPTORS:
For sustained or steady pressure

A

Ruffini corpuscles (SA2)

101
Q

TACTILE RECEPTORS:
For continuous touch

A

Merkel disc (SA1)

102
Q

TACTILE RECEPTORS:
Signal degree of joint rotation

A

Ruffini corpuscles (SA2)

103
Q

TACTILE RECEPTORS:
For movement of object on skin

A

Hair-end organ

104
Q

Largest representation in sensory homunculus

A

Hands, face, tongue

105
Q

What type of pain is poorly localized, supplied by Type IV/C fibers, NT is substance P, and is characterized as burning, aching and throbbing pain?

A

Slow/second pain

106
Q

What type of pain is localized, supplied by Type III/A-delta fibers, NT is Glutamate, and is characterized as electrical pain?

A

Fast/first pain

107
Q

Mediates synaptic transmission between pain fibers from pelvis and spinal cord in patient with gonorrhea

A

Substance P

108
Q

What drugs can inhibit substance P?

109
Q

Pain is triggered by temperatures ranging from _____ to ______

A

<15 C - >43 C

110
Q

What is the basis of referred pain?

A

*Follows dermatome rule
*sharing of 2nd order neurons in the spinal cord of visceral pain fibers and skin fibers

111
Q

NTs OF PAIN MODULATION:
Location of Serotonin

A

Nucleus Raphe Magnum and Spinal Dorsal Horn

112
Q

NTs OF PAIN MODULATION:
Location of Norepinephrine

A

Locus Coeruleus

113
Q

NTs OF PAIN MODULATION:
Location of morphine

A

Periaqueductal gray matter

114
Q

NTs OF PAIN MODULATION:
Location of enkephalin

A

Spinal dorsal horn

115
Q

NTs OF PAIN MODULATION:
Location of opioid

A

Dorsal root ganglion

116
Q

Refractive power of cornea

A

2/3 (fixed refractive power)

117
Q

Refractive power of lens

A

1/3 (variable refractive power)

118
Q

What happens to the following eye structures when there is need to focus on a far away object (farsightedness)?
Ciliary muscles:
Suspensory Ligaments:
Lens:

A

Ciliary muscles: Relaxed
Suspensory Ligaments: Inc. tension (taut)
Lens: Flat

119
Q

What happens to the following eye structures when there is need to focus on a near object (nearsightedness)?
Ciliary muscles:
Suspensory Ligaments:
Lens:

A

Ciliary muscles: Contracted
Suspensory Ligaments: Dec. tension (lax)
Lens: Spherical

120
Q

Protector of cornea during case of contact lens irritation

121
Q

Description of: MYOPIA
Length of eyeball:
Convergence of light:
Corrective lenses:

A

Length of eyeball: Long
Convergence of light: In front of retina
Corrective lenses: Biconcave

122
Q

Description of: HYPEROPIA
Length of eyeball:
Convergence of light:
Corrective lenses:

A

Length of eyeball: Short
Convergence of light: Behind retina
Corrective lenses: Convex

123
Q

Description of: ASTIGMATISM
Characteristic of eyeball:
Convergence of light:
Corrective lenses:

A

Characteristic of eyeball: too great curvature/non-uniform curvature of cornea
Convergence of light: multiple convergences of light in retina
Corrective lenses: Cylindrical

124
Q

Description of: PRESBYOPIA
Disorder:
Corrective lenses:

A

Disorder: Age-related loss of accommodation (focus on near object due to inability of ciliary muscle to contract to make lens spherical; also with thickening of lens (>40 yo)
Corrective lenses: Convex (of 20/20 initially)

125
Q

RETINAL CELLS:
Prevent scattering of light

A

Pigment epithelial cells

126
Q

RETINAL CELLS:
Converts 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal

A

Pigment epithelial cells

127
Q

RETINAL CELLS:
Sensitive to low-intensity light (night vision)
Present in parafoveal region (not in fovea)

A

Receptor cells: Rods
*think so dark in jail (behind bars are like rods)

128
Q

RETINAL CELLS:
Sensitive to high-intensity light (day, color vision)
Present in fovea centralis (area of most acute vision)

A

Receptor cells: Cones
*think ice cream & cones (colorful ice creams of different flavors)

129
Q

RETINAL CELLS:
Contrast detectors
Interneurons of receptor cells

A

Bipolar neurons

130
Q

RETINAL CELLS:
maintains internal geometry of retina

A

Muller cells

131
Q

RETINAL CELLS:
Output cells of retina
Axons form optic nerve

A

Ganglion cells

132
Q

Ganglion cells of retina for color, form, fine detail

133
Q

Ganglion cells of retina illumination, movement

134
Q

Visual field charting is known as?

135
Q

Rare disorder characterized by:
severe periorbital headaches
dec. and painful eye movements (ophthalmoplegia)
paralysis of CNs III, IV, VI

A

Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome

136
Q

Corresponds to the physiological blind spot (no rods and cones).
And, where is it located (EXACT LOCATION)

A

Optic disc
Location: 12-15 degrees temporally, 1.5 degrees below horizontal median, 7.5 degrees high, 5.5 degrees wide

137
Q

STEPS OF PHOTORECEPTION OF REDS
Enumerate (Go future ophthalmologist!)

A

Vitamin A regenerates 11-cis retinal

11-cis retinal

Photons/light

All-trans retinal (converted from 11-cis retinal by light)

Metarhodopsin II (intermediate of all-trans retinal)

Activation of G protein/Transducin

Activation of Phosphodiesterase

Dec. cGMP (converted to 5’GMP)

Closure of Na channels

Hyperpolarization (brighter light -> greater hyperpolarization)

Decreased glutamate release (excitatory ionotropic glutamate receptors of bipolar and horizontal cells are inhibited; inhibitory metabotropic glutamate receptors of bipolar and horizontal cells are depolarized)

138
Q

3 CELL TYPES OF VISUAL CORTEX (SHAPE AND ORIENTATION OF FIGURES)
Bars of light

A

Simple cells

139
Q

3 CELL TYPES OF VISUAL CORTEX (SHAPE AND ORIENTATION OF FIGURES)
Moving bars or edges of light

A

Complex cells

140
Q

3 CELL TYPES OF VISUAL CORTEX (SHAPE AND ORIENTATION OF FIGURES)
Lines with particular length and to curves/angles

A

Hypercomplex cells

141
Q

Sound frequency is measured in _________, and correlated with __________
While sound intensity/pressure is measure in ________, and correlated with _________

A

Hertz (Hz), Pitch

Decibels (dB), Amplitude

142
Q

Endolymph is found in ____________ and _____________, and is rich in ______________

A

Scala media
Cochlear duct
Potassium (K)

143
Q

Perilymph is found in ____________ and _____________, and is rich in ______________

A

Scala vestibuli
Scala tympani
Sodium (Na)

144
Q

Decibels for the following
Triggers attenuation reflex:
Conversational speech:
Limit to prevent occupational hearing loss:

A

> 120 dB
60 dB
85 dB x 8 hours x 10 years

145
Q

Outer ear fxn

A

sound localization and sound collection

146
Q

Middle ear fxn

A

Amplification of sound (impedance matching)

147
Q

Depolarization of inner hair cells is caused by

A

K going into cells

148
Q

Place theory of hearing
Base:
* Location
* Responds to

A

Near oval and round window
High-frequency sounds

149
Q

Place theory of hearing
Apex:
* Location
* Responds to

A

Near helicotrema
Low frequency sounds

150
Q

VESTIBULAR SYSTEM
Detect angular acceleration

A

Semicircular canals

151
Q

VESTIBULAR SYSTEM
Detect horizontal (linear) acceleration

152
Q

VESTIBULAR SYSTEM
Detect vertical (linear) acceleration

153
Q

Where are olfactory memories found?

A

Entorhinal cortex

154
Q

THE TASTE AND PARTS OF TONGUE
1. Sweet
2. Salty
3. Sour
4. Bitter
5. Umami

A
  1. Tip
  2. Periphery
  3. Periphery
  4. Back
  5. Tip
155
Q

Nuclear bag fibers detect _________________ while nuclear chains detect _______________

A

Dynamic changes
Static changes

156
Q

STRETCH/MYOTATIC/KNEE-JERK REFLEX
No. of synapses:
Stimulus:
Afferent fibers:
Response:

A

Monosynaptic
Muscle stretch
Type 1a
Muscle contraction

157
Q

CLASP-KNIFE/GOLGI TENDON/INVERSE STRETCH REFLEX
No. of synapses:
Stimulus:
Afferent fibers:
Response:

A

Disynaptic
Muscle contraction
Type 1b
Muscle relaxation

158
Q

FLEXION WITHDRAWAL REFLEX
No. of synapses:
Stimulus:
Afferent fibers:
Response:

A

Polysynaptic
Pain
Type II, III, IV
Ipsilateral flexion, contralateral extension

159
Q

EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS
Rubrospinal tract

A

Stimulates flexors
inhibits extensors
*Fine movements of hands

160
Q

EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS
Pontine (medial) reticulospinal tract

A

STIMULATES both flexors and extensors (mainly extensors)

161
Q

EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS
Medullary (lateral) reticulospinal tract

A

INHIBITS both flexors and extensors (mainly extensors)

162
Q

EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS
Lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

Inhibits flexors
Stimulates extensors
*posture stabilization (postural adjustments)

163
Q

EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS
Tectospinal tract

A

Control of neck muscles
Coordinate head and eye movements

164
Q

Where does the fibers of corticospinal/pyramidal tract originate from

A

Giant pyramidal cells (Betz cells)

165
Q

What is the function of the premotor and supplementary motor area in movement?

166
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia in movement?

A

fine tuning of movement

167
Q

Provides pattern of motor activity

A

Primary motor area, premotor area, basal ganglia

168
Q

Ventral/anterior corticospinal tract is concerned with

A

Control of bilateral postural movements by supplementary motor cortex

169
Q

EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS
Medial vestibulospinal tract

A

Gaze stabilization (control neck muscles, stabilize head, coordinate head with eye movements)

170
Q

What vertebral level transection leads to decrease in HR and BP?

171
Q

What vertebral level transection leads cessation of breating?

172
Q

What vertebral level transection leads to death

173
Q

DECORTICATE VS. DECEREBRATE
Lesions above the midbrain

A

Decorticate rigidity

174
Q

DECORTICATE VS. DECEREBRATE
Lesions below the midbrain

A

Decerebrate rigidity

175
Q

DECORTICATE VS. DECEREBRATE
Lesions above lateral vestibular nucleus

176
Q

DECORTICATE VS. DECEREBRATE
Lesions between pontine reticular formation and midbrain

A

Decerebrate rigidity

177
Q

DECORTICATE VS. DECEREBRATE
Lesions above red nucleus

A

Decorticate rigidity

178
Q

CEREBELLAR LESIONS
Flocculonodular lobe

A

Cerebellar nystagmus

179
Q

CEREBELLAR LESIONS
Cerebellar vermis

A

Truncal ataxia

180
Q

CEREBELLAR LESIONS
Deep cerebellar nuclei

181
Q

CEREBELLAR LESIONS
Cerebellar hemisphere

A

Ipsilateral intention tremor
Dysdiadochokinesia
Falls toward side of lesion

182
Q

Primary function of basal ganglia

A

Planning and programming of movement

183
Q

Main NT of basal ganglia

184
Q

BASAL GANGLIA LESIONS:
1. Globus pallidus:
2. Subthalamic nucleus:
3. Striatum:
4. Substantia nigra:

A
  1. Inability to maintain posture
  2. Wild, flailing movements (hemiballismus)
  3. Quick continuous, uncontrollable movements
  4. Resting tremors, cogwheel rigidity, akinesia, postural instability
185
Q

Brown-Sequard syndrome is characterized by:

A

*Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation 1-2 segments below the lesion
*Ipsilateral weakness and spasticity

186
Q

Epilepsy in primary motor cortex

A

Jacksonian seizures (focal partial seizure)

187
Q

EEG waves in awake, at rest, closed eyes

A

Alpha waves

188
Q

EEG waves in awake, alert, eyes open or in REM sleep

A

Beta waves

189
Q

Syndrome characterized by multiple seizure types, characteristic EEG pattern in sleep of generalized paroxysmal fast activity, cognitive impairment, behavioral problems or devt delay

A

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome

190
Q

Where memory is mainly stored

A

Temporal lobe

191
Q

Encode events of recent past into long term memory (helps make new memories)

A

Hippocampus

192
Q

Helps recall memory

193
Q

Area for remote memories

A

Neocortical areas

194
Q

Area for working memories

A

Prefrontal cortex

195
Q

Area for ability to recall faces and forms

A

Inferior temporal lobe

196
Q

Area for production of inappropriate emotional responses when recalling events of the past

197
Q

Condition that results from transection of amygdala

A

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

198
Q

CSF in brain is _______ml while CSF produced per day is ________ml

199
Q

Edema resulting from rupture of blood brain barrier

A

Vasogenic edema

200
Q

Hippocampal lesion is to ____________ amnesia while Thalamic lesion is to _____________ amnesia

A

Anterograde amnesia; Retrograde amnesia

201
Q

Main mechanism for heat conservation/gain

A

Shivering (behavioral change)

202
Q

Main mechanism for heat loss

A

Radiation (60%)

203
Q

ANTERIOR VS. POSTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS
Heat loss

A

Anterior hypothalamus

204
Q

ANTERIOR VS. POSTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS
Heat gain

A

Posterior hypothalamus

205
Q

Electrolyte involved in malignant hyperthermia

A

Calcium (Ca)

206
Q

Drugs that trigger MH

A

Succinylcholine, Halothane, -flurane

207
Q

Treatment for MH

A

Dantrolene, a Ca-channel (ryanodine receptor) blocker and muscle relaxant

PHYSIOLOGY (9 decks)

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