Hematology Physiology Flashcards
What is the fluid medium of the blood and is also the noncellular part?
Plasma
55% of blood whole blood
44% Erythrocytes
What cellular components are found in <1% of the whole blood?
Platelets and Lymphocytes (Buffy Coat)
What organ is responsible for blood cell formation at age 20 and above?
Bone marrow of CENTRALLY-LOCATED bones
1st Trimester: Yolk Sac / Aortic Gonad Mesonephros
2nd and 3rd Trimester: Liver
After birth to puberty: Bone Marrow of all Bones
What RBC component causes its biconcave shape?
Spectrin
What refers to the plasma minus clotting proteins with higher serotonin content?
Serum
What is the major contributor to the oncotic pressure of the plasma?
Albumin
This refers to the percentage of cells in the whole blood:
Hematocrit
What is the normal hematocrit value among males and females?
Males: 46 (40-54)
Females: 42 (37-47)
At what RBC stage does the synthesis of hemoglobin start?
Proerythroblast
At what RBC stage does the hemoglobin appear?
Polychromatic erythroblast
What is the component of Hemoglobin F?
α2 - γ 2
What type of hemoglobin binds more with 2,3-BPG?
Hemoglobin A (α2 - β2)
HbF: binds less
This refers to the ability of the human body to resist almost all types of organisms/toxins that tend to damage the tissues and organ:
Immunity
What branch of the immune system is present at birth, and does not change over time?
Innate Immunity
What branch of the immune system is triggered by structures shared by a group of microbes?
Innate Immunity
What branch of the immune system improves after each repeated exposure?
Adaptive Immunity
What branch of the immune system uses lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells as cellular components?
Adaptive Immunity
What branch of the immune system uses complements as blood proteins?
Innate Immunity
Where do the T-lymphocytes originate and mature?
Origin: Bone Marrow
Mature: Thymus
The humoral immunity offers protection against what type of microbes?
Extracellular Microbes
Toxin induced diseases
Infections (virulence-related to
polysaccharide capsule)
Where in the lymph nodes are the humoral and cell-mediated immunity located?
Humoral: Superficial Cortex
Cell-Mediated: Paracortical Areas
What type of hypersensitivity is associated with cell-mediated immunity?
Type IV
Types I, II, and III are Humoral
What are the three cells required for antibody synthesis?
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Macrophage
What cells utilize oxidants or ROS to kill bacteria during acute inflammation?
Neutrophils
What cells are highly phagocytic for antigen-antibody (immune) complexes?
Eosinophils
What are some of the secretions from basophils?
Histamine, heparin, bradykinin, serotonin
What cell is known for its “frosted-glass” or ground-glass cytoplasm?
Monocytes
What cells are known as the largest WBC?
Monocytes
What is the lifespan of the platelets?
7-10 days
What immune cells act as the 1st line of defense and are present within minutes?
Tissue Macrophages
2nd line: Neutrophils
What are the 4 mediators of the 4th line of immune defense?
TNF, IL-1, GM-CSF, M-CSF
4th line: ↑ Monocytes & Granulocyte
production by Bone marrow
Which part of the antibodies determine specificity to antigen?
Variable Portion
Which region of the immunoglobulins is the antigen-binding site found?
FAB region
Which region of the immunoglobulins is the site of complement and macrophage
binding?
FC region
Which immunoglobulin is tetrameric in structure?
IgG
Contains two identical gamma heavy chains and two identical light chains
The most abundant Ig in the serum?
IgG
The most produced antibody overall?
IgA
The smallest Ig?
IgG
The Ig for primary immune response?
IgM
The Ig associated with Type I hypersensitivity?
IgE
The Ig available as a monomer and dimer?
IgA
This refers to the process that makes it easier to phagocytize foreign bodies:
Opsonization
Complement pathway triggered by immune complexes:
Classic Pathway
Mannose-binding lectin pathway: triggered by lectin binding with mannose groups in bacteria
Alternative/properdin pathway: triggered by contact with various viruses, bacteria, fungi, and tumor cells
Complement proteins that induce inflammation and are anaphylatoxins:
C3a, C4a, C5a
Complement protein that causes WBC chemotaxis:
C5a
What are these hormone-like molecules that act on nearby cells (paracrine) to regulate immune responses?
Cytokines
What are the cytokines secreted by TH-1?
IL2
Interferon-γ
What are the cytokines secreted by TH-2?
IL4
IL5
What interleukin is also called multi-CSF and promotes proliferation of all types of blood cell?
IL3
What cytokine is responsible for the chemotaxis of neutrophils, basophils, and T cells?
IL-8
What cytokine is responsible for the differentiation of eosinophils?
IL-5
What cytokine is responsible for the IgE class switching?
IL-4
What cytokine enhances the killing of phagocytosed bacteria in chronic
granulomatous disease?
Interferon-γ
What cytokine is used to reduce the frequency and severity of relapses in multiple sclerosis?
Interferon-β
What immune cell is associated with the MHC-I?
CD8 – cytotoxic T cells
MHC-II: CD4, Helper T cells
What is the first step in hemostasis?
Vascular Constriction
In the formation of a loose platelet plug, what mediates platelet adhesion?
vWF and Gp1b
mediated by vWF of ruptured blood vessel walls and Gp1b of platelets
In the primary hemostasis, what mediates platelet aggregation?
Gp2b-3a and fibrinogen
mediated by fibrinogen and Gp2b-3a of platelets (also by PAF)
What is the end goal of the secondary hemostasis?
Blood Coagulation
What are the clotting factors inhibited by Antithrombin III?
Factors IX, X, XI and XII
What are the clotting factors involved in the extrinsic pathway?
VI and III
Common pathway: XIII, X, V, II, I
What are the clotting factors involved in the intrinsic pathway?
XII, XI, IX, VIII
Common pathway: XIII, X, V, II, I
What anticlotting substance is expressed in all endothelial cells except in the cerebral microcirculation?
Thrombomodulin
What anticlotting substance lyses fibrin?
Plasmin
During wound healing, when is the maximum tensile strength gained?
12 weeks gain 20% of ultimate strength in 3 weeks, maximum tensile strength in 12 weeks but never 70% of the strength of normal skin
What is the major inducer of the acute phase reactants?
IL-6
What are the 5 known negative acute phase reactants?
Albumin
Transferrin
Transthyretin
Retinol-Binding Protein
Adiponectin
What ARP is used as the biomarker for ongoing inflammation
C-reactive protein
What ARP plays a key role in the anemia of chronic disease?
Hepcidin
↓ iron intestinal absorption (degrades ferroportin) and ↓ iron release (from macrophages)
What are the factors involved in muscle performance?
Muscle strength, power, and endurance
What is the greatest determinant of muscle strength?
Muscle Size
What is the source of most energy used for long-term muscle contraction?
Oxidative metabolism
In an unacclimatized person, at what feet/level does a seizure occur?
18,000 feet
12,000 feet – Acute effects felt
23,000 feet - death
What is the maximum safe depth during diving?
200 feet below sea level
What causes decompression sickness?
Nitrogen bubble formation
During rapid ascent
