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PHYSIOLOGY > Cardiac Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiac Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin deficiency that can cause heart failure

A

Vitamin B1 or Thiamine

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2
Q

Which is not targeted in drug therapy for heart failure?
a. Preload
b. Afterload
c. Relaxation
d. contractility

A

Relaxation

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3
Q

In the ECG, what correlates with the plateau phase (phase 2) of ventricular contraction?

A

ST segment

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4
Q

What part of the electrical conductance of the heart does the PR interval correlate with?

A

Conduction velocity through AV node

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5
Q

Formula of MAP and normal value

A

2/3 Diastole + 1/3 Systole
Diastole + 1/3 PP
Normal value = 100 mmHg

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6
Q

ARTERIES VS. ARTERIOLES
Greatest resistance

A

Arterioles

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7
Q

ARTERIES VS. ARTERIOLES
Highest pressure

A

Arteries

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8
Q

How much of the blood volume is contained in the veins?

A

64%

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9
Q

Fastest blood flow velocity is in?
Slowest?

A

Aorta
Capillaries

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10
Q

Formula for blood flow velocity

A

V = Q/A

V = velocity (cm/sec)
Q = blood flow (ml/min)
A = cross-sectional area (cm2)

Velocity is directly proportional to blood flow but inversely proportional to cross-sectional area

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11
Q

Formula for blood flow is derived from?

A

OHM’S LAW

CO = mean arterial pressure - right atrial pressure/TPR

CO = BP/TPR

BP = CO x TPR

BP = (HR x SV) x TPR

Inc. HR, SV and TPR will all lead to increased BP

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12
Q

3 principal factors affecting venous return

A

Right atrial pressure
* Inc RAP = dec. VR
* dec RAP = inc. VR

Mean systemic filling pressure
* Inc MSFP = inc. VR
* dec MSFP = dec. VR

Resistance to venous return
*Inc RVR = dec VR
*dec RVR = inc VR

FORMULA
VR = MSFP - RAP/RVR

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13
Q

What is the formula that serves as the basis for resistance to blood flow?

A

Poiseuille law
R = 8ήl/Πr^4

R = resistance
ή = viscosity of blood
l = length of blood vessel
r = radius of blood vessel raised to the 4th

Resistance is directly proportional to viscosity and blood vessel length, but indirectly proportional to radius

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14
Q

Formula for Reynold’s number (to determine turbulent blood flow)

A

N = pdv/ή

N = reynolds number (higher number, >2,000 is associated with turbulent blood flow and bruits)
p = density of blood
d = diameter of blood vessel
v = velocity of blood flow
ή = viscosity

Reynolds number is directly proportional with density of blood, diameter of blood vessel, and velocity of blood flow, but inversely proportional with viscosity

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15
Q

Will an atheromatous vessel have an increased/decreased blood flow velocity? How about the turbulence, will it increase/decrease?

A

Firstly, based on the formula of Blood flow velocity, which is V = Q/A, blood flow velocity (V) is inversely proportional to cross-sectional area (A). An atheromatous vessel will have a decreased cross sectional area than a normal blood vessel.

Next, to determine turbulence of blood flow, we utilize the Reynolds number (>2000 will be turbulent BF). This formula is N = pdv/ή. Reynolds number (N) is directly proportional to velocity of blood flow (V). Thus, a greater velocity = greater turbulence.

Finally, atheromatous vessel —> inc blood flow velocity —> inc turbulence of blood flow

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16
Q

POLYCYTHEMIA VS. ANEMIA
Turbulent blood flow

A

Anemia

Formula for determining probability of turbulent blood flow
N = pdv/ή

N = reynolds number (higher number, >2,000 is associated with turbulent blood flow and bruits)
p = density of blood
d = diameter of blood vessel
v = velocity of blood flow
ή = viscosity

Reynolds number is inversely proportional to viscosity, this means that with a lesser viscosity (e.g. anemia), the Reynolds number would be higher.

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17
Q

POLYCYTHEMIA VS. ANEMIA
Increased resistance to blood flow (reduced)

A

Polycythemia

Formula for resistance to blood flow

Poiseuille law
R = 8ήl/Πr^4

R = resistance
ή = viscosity of blood
l = length of blood vessel
r = radius of blood vessel raised to the 4th

Resistance is directly proportional to viscosity (correlated with hct). The greater the viscosity (e.g. polycythemia), the greater the resistance would be

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18
Q

Formula for capacitance of blood vessel

A

C = V/P

C = capacitance/compliance
V = volume
P = pressure

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19
Q

When does blood flow of coronary arteries occur?

A

Diastole

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20
Q

Right atrial pressure synonym: _______________________________
Left atrial pressure estimated by:
_______________________________, measured using ______________

A

Central venous pressure
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
Swan-Ganz catheter

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21
Q

Formulas for pulse pressure and normal pulse pressure value

A

SBP - DBP
SV/AC (Arterial compliance)

40 mmHg

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22
Q

What happens to my pulse pressure when I’m old and have arteriosclerosis? HAHA

A

Widened. Because decreased arterial compliance. PP = SV/AC

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23
Q

Conditions that increase/widen pulse pressure

A

Well-conditioned endurance runner
Old age
Aortic regurgitation
Aortic sclerosis
Severe iron deficiency anemia
Arteriosclerosis
Hyperthyroidism

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24
Q

Conditions that decrease/narrow pulse pressure

A

Heart failure
Blood loss
Aortic stenosis
Cardiac tamponade

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25
Q

AV BLOCKS
All atrial impulses reach ventricles, but PR interval is prolonged (>0.20 secs)

A

1st degree AV block

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26
Q

AV BLOCKS
Not all impulses conducted to ventricles, ventricular rate < atrial rate, p wave not always followed by QRS
Sporadically occurring with constant PR intervals before block

A

2nd degree AV block
Mobitz Type II

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27
Q

AV BLOCKS
Not all impulses conducted to ventricles, ventricular rate < atrial rate, p wave not always followed by QRS
ECG shows gradual increase of PR interval before block

A

2nd degree AV block
Mobitz Type I: (+) Wenkebach phenomenon

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28
Q

AV BLOCKS
Atrioventricular dissociation
May cause fainting, syncope, worsening exercise tolerance from cerebral ischemia
Can be caused by amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, SLE

A

3rd degree (Complete) AV block

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29
Q

ECG PATTERNS:
Saw tooth appearance

A

Atrial flutter

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30
Q

ECG PATTERNS:
Flat/inverted T waves

A

Hypokalemia

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31
Q

ECG PATTERNS:
Prominent u waves (inc susceptibility to Torsades de Pointes)

A

Hypokalemia

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32
Q

ECG PATTERNS:
Inc amplitude and width of P waves

A

Hypokalemia

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33
Q

ECG PATTERNS:
ST depression, QT prolongation

A

Hypokalemia

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34
Q

ECG PATTERNS:
Low P waves, tall-peaked T waves

A

Hyperkalemia

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35
Q

ECG PATTERNS:
Prolonged QT interval
Associated with long QT syndrome (sudden fainting and death), Torsades de Pointes (ventricullar arrythmias and fibrillation)

A

Hypocalcemia

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36
Q

ECG PATTERNS:
Shortened QT interval

A

Hypercalcemia

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37
Q

ECG PATTERNS:
ST Segment elevation

A

Q-wave infarct/Transmural infarct

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38
Q

ECG PATTERNS:
ST Segment depression

A

Non-Q-wave infarct/Subendocardial infarct

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39
Q

When can the fetal heartbeat be heard using UTZ? How bout using Doppler?

A

UTZ - 6 weeks
Doppler - 10 weeks

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40
Q

When does Troponin I levels rise in an MI episode? What about when it peaks? And how long does it remain elevated?

A

Rise: 6 hours
Peak: 12 hours
Remain elevated: 1-2 weeks

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41
Q

Which of the following is NOT an inferior MI component?
a. Ventricular tachycardia
b. Cardiogenic shock
c. Hypotension
d. Heart block

A

A. Ventricular tachycardia (myatay na gane ang myocytes, magpapakabilis pa ba siya for the life?)

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42
Q

How long should one do lifestyle modifications only (no meds) for newly diagnoses Stage 1 hypertensives?

A

3-6 months

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43
Q

Possible cause of sudden onset heart failure

A

Coronary artery disease

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44
Q

Erratic electrical activity, Vfib, Vtach?

A

Vfib

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45
Q

Meaning of e wave and a wave in 2D-echo

A

e wave - early diastolic filling from left atrium to left ventricle
a wave - atrial kick

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46
Q

Isoelectric portion of the ECG that corresponds to complete ventricular depolarization

A

ST segment

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47
Q

Where is the pacemaker placed when ECG has no P wave but has normal QRS complex and T wave

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

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48
Q

Two P waves preceding each QRS in ECG means?

A

Decreased conductance through AV node

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49
Q

Stable RMP of Cardiac

A

-90 MV

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50
Q

Inotropes affect

A

Ventricular contraction (SV)

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51
Q

Dromotropes affect

A

Cardiac contractility (AV node)

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52
Q

Chronotropes affect

A

Heart rate (SA node)

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53
Q

INCREASE OR DECREASE SV:
During PVC

A

Decrease

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54
Q

INCREASE OR DECREASE SV:
Normal beat after PVC

A

Increased
(Greater Ca influx due to increased ventricular filling time)

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55
Q

FRANK-STARLING MECHANISM

A

Inc VR —> Inc SV —> Inc CO
(Increased venous return —> increased right atrial pressure —> increased end-diastolic volume —> increased stretch of sarcomeres (inc ventricular fiber length) —> Greater force of contraction —> Increased stroke volume —> Increased cardiac output)

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56
Q

BAINBRIDGE REFLEX

A

Inc VR —> Inc HR —> Inc CO
(Increased venous return —> increased right atrial pressure —> Stimulation of cardiopulmonary baroreceptors (low pressure receptors) —> Increased heart rate —> Increased cardiac output)

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57
Q

Cardiac preload is equivalent to _______________, which in turn is influenced by _________________. An increased preload will ________________ cardiac output.

A

End-diastolic volume;
Right atrial pressure;
Increase

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58
Q

Cardiac preload is equivalent to _______________ in the left ventricle and to _______________ in the right ventricle. An increased afterload will ________________ cardiac output.

A

Aortic pressure;
Pulmonary artery pressure;
Decrease

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59
Q

Which is not affected by stroke volume?
A. Pulse pressure
B. Preload
C. Afterload
D. Contractility

A

C. Afterload

60
Q

Definition of SV
Formula for SV
Normal value for SV

A

Blood ejected by ventricles per heartbeat
SV = EDV - ESV
Normal value = 70 ml

61
Q

Definition of EF
Formula for EF
Normal value for EF

A

Percentage of EDV that is actually ejected by ventricle
EF = SV/EDV
Normal value = 55%

62
Q

Definition of CO
Formula for CO
Normal value for CO

A

Total blood volume ejected per unit time
CO = HR x SV
Fick equation —> CO = VO^2/a-VO^2
(VO^2 - steady state oxygen consumption; AVO^2 - difference in arterial O2 content and mixed venous O2 content)
Normal value = 5L/min (resting)

*Max CO for non-athletes = 20L/min
*Max CO for athletes = 30L/min

63
Q

What happens to EF in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

A

Preserved Ejection Fraction

64
Q

Main energy used for stroke work (work of heart in each beat)

A

Fatty acids

65
Q

7 Phases of Cardiac Cycle

A
  1. Atrial contraction
  2. Isovolumic contraction
  3. Rapid ventricular ejection
  4. Reduced/slow ventricular ejection
  5. Isovolumic relaxation
  6. Rapid ventricular filling
  7. Reduced/slow ventricular filling
66
Q

Important events in ATRIAL CONTRACTION
ECG:
Atrial pressure:
Ventricular pressure:
Ventricular volume:
Atrial pressure curve:
Heart sound:

A
  1. ATRIAL CONTRACTION
    ECG: preceded by P wave

Atrial pressure: Increases slightly

Ventricular pressure: Increases slightly

Ventricular volume: Increases sligtly

Atrial pressure curve: a-wave

Heart sound: 4th heart sound

67
Q

Important events in ISOVOLUMIC CONTRACTION
ECG:
Atrial pressure:
Ventricular pressure:
Ventricular volume:
Atrial pressure curve:
Heart sound:

A
  1. ISOVOLUMIC CONTRACTION
    ECG: preceded by QRS complex

Atrial pressure: Ventricular pressure > atrial pressure –> closure of AV valves

Ventricular pressure: Increased (Ventricular pressure < Aortic pressure –> no movement of blood from ventricle to aorta/semilunar valves closed)

Ventricular volume: Remains the same

Atrial pressure curve: c-wave

Heart sound: 1st heart sound (closure of AV valves

68
Q

Important events in RAPID VENTRICULAR EJECTION
Ventricular pressure:
Ventricular volume:

A
  1. RAPID VENTRICULAR EJECTION

Ventricular pressure: Ventricular Pressure > Aortic pressure –> opening of semilunar valves –> blood goes from left ventricle to aorta

Ventricular volume: Rapidly decreases

69
Q

Important events in Reduced/Slow Ventricular Ejection
ECG:
Ventricular pressure:
Ventricular volume:
Aortic pressure:

A
  1. REDUCED-SLOW VENTRICULAR EJECTION
    ECG: T-wave occurs

Ventricular pressure: Decreases

Ventricular volume: Decreases

Aortic pressure: Decreases (runoff of blood from large arteries to smaller arteries)

70
Q

Important events in ISOVOLUMIC RELAXATION
ECG:
Atrial pressure:
Ventricular pressure:
Ventricular volume:
Atrial pressure curve:
Heart sound:

A
  1. ISOVOLUMIC RELAXATION
    ECG: preceded by T-wave

Atrial pressure: Lower than ventricular pressure

Ventricular pressure: Ventricular pressure > atrial pressure –> AV valves still closed –> no blood goes from atria to ventricles; Ventricular pressure < aortic pressure –> semilunar valves close

Ventricular volume: Remains the same

Atrial pressure curve: v-wave

Heart sound: 2nd heart sound

INCISURA/DICROTIC NOTCH - closure of aortic valve causes vibrations in the aorta near the aortic valve –> slight increase in aortic pressure

71
Q

Important events in RAPID VENTRICULAR FILLING
Atrial pressure:
Ventricular pressure:
Ventricular volume:
Heart sound:

A
  1. RAPID VENTRICULAR FILLING
    Atrial pressure: Higher than ventricular pressure
    Ventricular pressure: Lower than atrial pressure –> AV valves open –> blood flows from atria to ventricles
    Ventricular volume: Rapidly increases
    Heart sound: 3rd heart sound
72
Q

Important events in REDUCED/SLOW VENTRICULAR FILLING
Ventricular volume:

A
  1. REDUCED/SLOW VENTRICULAR FILLING
    Ventricular volume: Reduced increase
73
Q

Longest phase of cardiac cycle

A

Phase 7: Reduced/Slow Ventricular Filling (Diastasis)

74
Q

Meaning of the peak waves in atrial pressure curve

A

a-wave: atrial contraction
c-wave: ventricular contraction (causes the valves to bulge into the atria –> increased pressure; also carotid pulse)
v-wave: venous return of blood to atria

75
Q

What phase in the cardiac cycle is the v-wave seen in an atrial pressure curve?

A

Isovolumic relaxation

76
Q

What phase in the cardiac cycle is the a-wave seen in an atrial pressure curve?

A

Atrial contraction

77
Q

What phase in the cardiac cycle is the c-wave seen in an atrial pressure curve?

A

Isovolumic contraction

78
Q

What phase in the cardiac cycle is the dicrotic notch/incisura seen?

A

Isovolumic relaxation

79
Q

Heart sounds and their meanings
1st:
2nd:
3rd:
4th:

A

1st heart sound: S1, closure of AV valves

2nd heart sound: S2, closure of semilunar valves

3rd heart sound: S3, rapid ventricular filling

4th heart sound: S4, atria contracting against stiff ventricles

80
Q

What phase in the cardiac cycle may the 3rd heart sound be heard?

A

Phase 6: Rapid ventricular filling

81
Q

What phase in the cardiac cycle can the 1st heart sound be heard?

A

Phase 2: Isovolumic contraction

82
Q

What phase in the cardiac cycle can the 2nd heart sound be heard?

A

Phase 5: Isovolumic relaxation

83
Q

What phase in the cardiac cycle may the 4th heart sound be heard?

A

Phase 1: Atrial contraction

84
Q

CARDIAC CYCLE PHASES:
Ventricular pressure is high but still lower than aortic pressure, semilunar valves remain closed thus there is no blood flow from left ventricle to aorta. Also, AV valves are closed in this phase

A

Phase 2: Isovolumic contraction

85
Q

CARDIAC CYCLE PHASES:
Ventricular pressure is now higher than the aortic pressure, semilunar valves open and there is rapid blood flow to aorta, decreasing the ventricular pressure rapidly

A

Phase 3: Rapid Ventricular Ejection

86
Q

CARDIAC CYCLE PHASES:
Atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure, leading to opening of AV valves and rapid blood flow from atria to ventricles

A

Phase 6: Rapid Ventricular Filling

87
Q

CARDIAC CYCLE PHASES:
Ventricular pressure is now decreasing but still higher than atrial pressure, AV valves remain closed, and there is no blood flow from atria to ventricles. Since the aortic pressure now is higher than ventricular pressure, semilunar valves close

A

Phase 5: Isovolumic relaxation

88
Q

CARDIAC CYCLE PHASES:
What phase of the cardiac cycle corresponds to the phase with the highest ventricular volume?

A

Phase 2: Isovolumic contraction

89
Q

CARDIAC CYCLE PHASES:
What phase of the cardiac cycle corresponds to the phase with the highest ventricular and aortic pressure?

A

Between Phase 3 and Phase 4: Between Rapid Ventricular Ejection and Reduced/Slow Ventricular Ejection

90
Q

CARDIAC CYCLE PHASES:
What phase of the cardiac cycle corresponds to the phase with the lowest ventricular volume?

A

Phase 5: Isovolumic relaxation

91
Q

Most common cardiac rhythm disorder with ECG findings of narrow complex “irregularly irregular” pattern with no distinguishable p waves

A

Atrial fibrillation

92
Q

Atrial contraction during atrial systole

A

Atrial kick

93
Q

Wide QRS complex typically seen in atrial fibrillation

A

Ashman syndrome

94
Q

Auscultatory hallmark of Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

A

Fixed splitting

95
Q

Conditions with Wide Split S2/Exaggeration of normal splitting

A

RBBB
Pulmonic Stenosis
Mitral valve regurgitation
VSD

96
Q

Paradoxical splitting of the 2nd heart sound has a common ECG finding of

97
Q

Explain mo ba sab sa sarili mo bakit may Physiologic S2 Splitting

A

Inhale –> decreased thoracic pressure –> HIGOP more of the right, less of the left –> VR is increased in right and VR is decreased in left –> more blood to the right and less blood to the left (going from atria to ventricles) –> Later closure of pulmonic valve and lesser closure of aortic valve –> Physiologic S2 split

98
Q

THIS MURMUR SOUNDS FAMILIAR
Murmur with wide pulse pressure
Early diastolic murmur
Accentuated when leaning forward in full expiration

A

Aortic regurgitation

99
Q

THIS MURMUR SOUNDS FAMILIAR
De Musset Sign (head bobbing in synchrony with heartbeat) is seen in?

A

Aortic regurgitation/insufficiency

100
Q

THIS MURMUR SOUNDS FAMILIAR
Early systolic murmur with JVP distention

A

Tricuspid regurgitation

101
Q

THIS MURMUR SOUNDS FAMILIAR
Usually associated with RHD
Holosystolic murmur in 5th ICS MCL
Loudest at apex
Radiates to axilla
Enhanced by expiring and making a fist

A

Mitral regurgitation

102
Q

THIS MURMUR SOUNDS FAMILIAR
Decreased Pulse pressure
Prominent systolic ejection click
Crescendo-decrescendo murmur over right sternal border
Radiates to carotid arteries

A

Aortic stenosis

103
Q

THIS MURMUR SOUNDS FAMILIAR
Opening snap (OS)
Low-pitched diastolic rumble
Loud S1
Presystolic accentuation

A

Mitral stenosis

104
Q

THIS MURMUR SOUNDS FAMILIAR
Midsystolic ejection click
Late diastolic accentuation

A

Mitral valve prolapse

105
Q

MURMURS AND MANEUVERS
Hand grip

A

↑ Afterload
↑ AR, MR, VSD
↓ Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM) and Mitral valve prolapse

106
Q

MURMURS AND MANEUVERS
Squatting

A

↑ preload
↑ AS, MS, AR, MR
↓ HOCM, MVP

107
Q

MURMURS AND MANEUVERS
Valsalva

A

↓ preload
↑ HOCM, MVP
↓ AS, MS, AR, MR, VSD

108
Q

MURMURS AND MANEUVERS
Standing abruptly

A

↓ preload
↑ HOCM, MVP
↓ AS, MS, AR, MR, VSD

109
Q

MURMURS AND MANEUVERS
Amyl nitrite

A

↓ afterload
↑ AS, HOCM, MVP
↓ AR, MR, VSD

110
Q

Vasomotor area of medulla that serves as the “Excitatory area” (↑HR and ↑BP)

A

Lateral portion
*Outer - Extrovert

111
Q

Vasomotor area of medulla that serves as the “Inhibitory area” (dec. HR and BP)

A

Medial portion
*Inner - Introvert

112
Q

Last ditch stand before death

A

CNS Ischemic response
Starts at less than 60 mmHg and optimal at 15-20 mmHg
All systemic arterioles vasoconstrict severely, except CORONARY AND CEREBRAL VESSELS

113
Q

Cushing reflex triad

A

Hypertension, bradycardia, irregular respirations

114
Q

Branch of CN IX that carries signals from the carotid sinus to Nucleus Tractus Solitarius

A

Hering nerve

115
Q

To what signals (increased or decreased BP) do carotid baroreceptors respond to?

A

Increased and decreased BP (nonselective)
BP within 50-180 mmHg

116
Q

To what signals (increased or decreased BP) do aortic baroreceptors respond to?

A

Increased BP only (selective)
BP >80 mmHg

117
Q

Na sensor in DCT

A

macula densa

118
Q

↑ Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure - EDEMA

A
  • Arteriolar dilatation
  • Venous constriction
  • ↑ venous pressure
  • Heart failure
  • ECF volume expansion
  • Standing
119
Q

↓ Capillary Oncotic pressure - EDEMA

A
  • ↓ Plasma protein
  • Severe liver disease
  • Protein malnutrition
  • Nephrotic syndrome
120
Q

↑ Filtration coefficient (capillary permeability x surface area)

A
  • Burns
  • Inflammation (due to release of histamine, cytokines)
121
Q

Organs capable of autoregulation

A
  1. Brain
  2. Heart
  3. Kidneys
122
Q

What will happen to the brain if there is increased CO2?

A

Cerebral vessels will vasodilate –> permit wash out of CO2

122
Q

Angiogenesis occurs in response to?

123
Q

Most potent vasoconstrictor

A

Vasopressin

124
Q

VASOCONSTRICTOR VS. VASODILATOR
Prostacyclin

A

Vasodilator

125
Q

VASOCONSTRICTOR VS. VASODILATOR
Serotonin

A

Vasoconstrictor

126
Q

VASOCONSTRICTOR VS. VASODILATOR
Endothelin

A

Vasoconstrictor

127
Q

VASOCONSTRICTOR VS. VASODILATOR
PGF

A

Vasoconstrictor

128
Q

VASOCONSTRICTOR VS. VASODILATOR
Thromboxane A2

A

Vasoconstrictor

129
Q

VASOCONSTRICTOR VS. VASODILATOR
Lactate

A

Vasodilator

130
Q

VASOCONSTRICTOR VS. VASODILATOR
Adenosine

A

Vasodilator

131
Q

VASOCONSTRICTOR VS. VASODILATOR
Nitric oxide

A

Vasodilator

132
Q

VASOCONSTRICTOR VS. VASODILATOR
Acetylcholine

A

*Generally vasodilator by increasing production of NO in vascular smooth muscle
*Vasoconstrictor during endothelial damage due to decreased NO

133
Q

VASOCONSTRICTOR VS. VASODILATOR
PGE

A

Vasodilator

134
Q

VASOCONSTRICTOR VS. VASODILATOR
Histamine

A

Vasodilator

135
Q

VASOCONSTRICTOR VS. VASODILATOR
Bradykinin

A

Vasodilator

136
Q

Vasoactive metabolites of coronary vessels

A

Hypoxia
Adenosine

137
Q

Vasoactive metabolites of cerebral vessels

138
Q

Vasoactive metabolites of muscles

A

Lactate
K+
Adenosine

139
Q

Vasoactive metabolites of pulmonary vessels

A

Hypoxia (vasoconstriction)

140
Q

At what PO2 level will neuronal activity begin to decline?

A

Cerebral PO2 <20 mmHg

141
Q

Cerebral blood is kept constant at a MAP of

A

60-140 mmHg

142
Q

RAAS pathway

A

↓ Na delivery to macula densa in DCT –> stimulation of Juxtoglomerular (JG) cells –> renin release –> liver angiotensinogen is converted to Angiotensin 1 by renin –> Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin 2 by lung ACE –> Release of aldosterone –> effect on principal cells and intercalated cells of kidney –> Principal cells: ↑ Na reabsorption, ↑ K secretion; Intercalated cells: ↑ K reabsorption, ↑ H secretion (Net effect is still ↓↓↓ K) –> Na causes water reabsorption –> Increased IVC –> ↑ VR and ↑ CO –> ↑ BP :)

144
Q

Cardiac AP

A

Phase 1: Na influx
Phase 2: K efflux = Ca influx
Phase 3: K efflux
Phase 4: Stable RMP

145
Q

SA node AP

A

Phase 4: slow Na influx
Phase 0: Ca influx (depolarization)
Phase 3: K efflux (repolarization)

PHYSIOLOGY (9 decks)

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