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PHYSIOLOGY > Cell & Muscle Physiology > Flashcards

Cell & Muscle Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Basic unit of human body/life

A

Cell

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2
Q

Most abundant type of cell in body

A

RBCs

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3
Q

of neurons

A

100 billion

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4
Q

Major hallmarks of cancer

A

• Loss of cell-to-cell adhesion
• Anchorage independent growth

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5
Q

Guardian of the cell

A

Cell membrane

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6
Q

Water in body is 60%. _____ is ICF and _____ ECF

A

2/3 ICF
1/3 ECF

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7
Q

Loose carbohydrate coat of cell surface

A

Glycocalyx

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8
Q

Components of Lipid bilayer (fluid-mosaic model)

A

Head is glycerol
Tail is hydrophobic
55% proteins
25% Phospholipids
13% cholesterol
4% other lipids (glycolipids)
3% carbohydrates

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9
Q

Outer leaflet of phospholipids

A

Phosphatidylcholine
Sphingomyelin

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10
Q

Inner leaflet of phospholipids

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylinositol

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11
Q

1 component of cell membrane

A

Proteins
• Integral
• Peripheral

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12
Q

Most important component of cell membrane

A

Cholesterol
(membrane fluidity and permeability —> lipid soluble substances can go through cell membrane easily)

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13
Q

Component of cell membrane that confers antigenicity

A

Glycolipids

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14
Q

Major lipoprotein source of cholesterol

A

LDL

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15
Q

Na vs. K: At rest, the membrane is more permeable to..

A

K

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16
Q

Factors that determine permeability of membrane

A

• Temperature (inc. temp = inc. permeability)

• Type of solute (inc. lipid solubility = inc. permeability

• Level of cell hydration (inc. concentration difference —> affect diffusion and osmosis = inc. permeability)

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17
Q

PROTEIN IN CELL MEMBRANE:
Integral vs. Peripheral
• Has tight attachments
• Uses hydrophobic interactions
• Spans entire cell membrane (go through 2 bilayers)
• e.g. aquaporins, ion channels, solute carriers, ATP-dependent transporters

A

Integral proteins

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18
Q

PROTEIN IN CELL MEMBRANE:
Integral vs. Peripheral
• Has loose attachment
• Uses electrostatic interaction
• either in inner or outer leaflet (only 1 bilayer)

A

Peripheral proteins

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19
Q

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE:
Water

A

Osmosis (via aquaporins)

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20
Q

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE:
Lipid-soluble substances

A

Simple diffusion (high concentration to low concentration)

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21
Q

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE:
Water-soluble substances

A

Carrier-mediated transport

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22
Q

IONS:
Main cation in ECF
Main determinant of osmolarity

A

Sodium (Na)

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23
Q

IONS:
Main cation in ICF

A

Potassium (K)

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24
Q

IONS:
Main anion in ECF
Main ion in GI tract
Associated with Cystic fibrosis (CFTR gene, sweating) & cholera

A

Chloride (Cl)

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25
Q

IONS:
Utilized by all types of muscles (power for muscle contraction)

A

Calcium (Ca)

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26
Q

IONS:
Only electrolyte mainly reabsorbed in Thick Ascending Limb of Loop of Henle (TAL of LH), majority are reabsorbed in PCT

A

Magnesium (Mg)

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27
Q

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE:
Amino acids - Luminal membrane

A

Na-amino acid symport

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28
Q

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE:
Amino acids - Basolateral membrane

A

Facilitated diffusion

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29
Q

RATE OF DIFFUSION/TRANSPORT
Facilitated vs. Simple
Which is faster when there is dec. solute concentration?

A

Facilitated diffusion
(Has “car” which is the carrier mediated protein)

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30
Q

RATE OF DIFFUSION/TRANSPORT
Facilitated vs. Simple
Which is faster when there is inc. solute concentration?

A

Simple diffusion
(Has no saturation —> no Tmax —> rate of transport does not plateau; Rate of transport only depends on concentration difference)

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31
Q

INTERCELLULAR STRUCTURES BETWEEN CELL MEMBRANE
• Disk shaped
• For tight intercellular adhesion (like staple wires)
• e.g epithelium

A

Macula adherens (desmosomes)

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32
Q

Formula for Simple Diffusion

A

J = PA (C1-C2)
J = flux (mmol/sec)
P = permeability (cm/sec)
A = area (cm2)
C1 = higher concentration 1 (mmol/L)

C1 = lower concentration 2 (mmol/L)

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33
Q

Permeability is increased by:

A

Increased oil/water partition coefficient (inc. lipid sol)
Decreased radius of solute
Decreased membrane thickness

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34
Q

Where is GLUT-1 found?

A

Blood brain barrier
RBCs
Placenta
Cornea

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35
Q

Where is GLUT-2 found?

A

Liver
Pancreas (B islet cells)
Basement membrane of SI
Kidney

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36
Q

Where is GLUT-3 found?

A

Neurons
Placenta

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37
Q

Where is GLUT-4 found?

A

Muscle
Adipose tissue

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38
Q

Where is GLUT-5 found?

A

For fructose transport from SI limen to SI cells
Speematocytes (fructose is energy source for sperm motility)

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39
Q

The only insulin dependent glucose transporter

A

GLUT-4

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40
Q

Inhibitor of Na-K-ATPase pump

A

Digoxin

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41
Q

Ca-ATPase pump in Sarcoplasmic reticulum that pumps Ca back into SR

A

SERCA

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42
Q

Main electrolyte that maintains the cell gradient

A

Sodium (Na)

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43
Q

Formula of osmolarity

A

Osmolarity
= concentration x # of dissociable particles mOsm/L
= mmol/L x # of particles/mol

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44
Q

Driving force of osmolarity

A

Osmotic pressure

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45
Q

Osmotic pressure is calculated using?

A

Van’t Hoff Law
π = g x C x RT

π = osmotic pressure (atm or mmHg)
g = # of particles per mole in sol (Osm/mol)
C = Concentration (mmol/L)
R = Gas constant (0.082 L - atm/mol - K)
T = Absolute temp (K)

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46
Q

Effective osmotic pressure formula

A

Osmotic pressure x reflection coefficient

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47
Q

Osmotic pressure exerted by proteins

A

Oncotic pressure/colloid osmotic pressure

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48
Q

Reflection coefficient formula

A

Amount returned/amount sent
(A number from 0 to 1, describes ease of membrane permeation of solute)

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49
Q

Ineffective osmole with a reflective coefficient of 0 (complete solute penetration)

A

Urea

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50
Q

Effective osmole with a reflective coefficient of 1 (no solute penetration)

A

Albumin

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51
Q

Potential difference generated across a membrane because of concentration difference of ion

A

Diffusion potential

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52
Q

Diffusion potential that exactly balances (opposes) the tendency for diffusion caused by concentration difference

A

Equilibrium potential/Nernst potential

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53
Q

Resting membrane potential (-70 mv) is caused by

A

Nernst potential for Na and K
K-leak channels
Na-K-ATPase pump (contributes -4 mv)

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54
Q

Excitable cells that exhibit AP

A

Neurons
Muscles

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55
Q

Characteristics of a true action potential

A

SPA
Stereotypical size and shape
Propagating
All or none

56
Q

At the RESTING STATE, what happens to the Na-activation (m), Na-inactivation (h), and K gates?

A

Na-activation gate - closed
Na-inactivation gate - open
K-gate - closed

57
Q

During DEPOLARIZATION, what happens to the Na-activation (m), Na-inactivation (h), and K gates?

A

Na-activation gate - open
Na-inactivation gate - open
K-gate - closed

58
Q

During REPOLARIZATION, what happens to the Na-activation (m), Na-inactivation (h), and K gates?

A

Na-activation gate - open
Na-inactivation gate - closed
K-gate - open

59
Q

At UNDERSHOOT, what happens to the Na-activation (m), Na-inactivation (h), and K gates?

A

Na-activation gate - closed
Na-inactivation gate - closed
K-gate - open

60
Q

Basis for Absolute refractory period

A

Closed Na-inactivation gates

61
Q

Basis for relative refractory period

A

Prolonged opening of K-channels

62
Q

AP Conduction Velocity is increased by

A

Rapid Na Channel gating - rapid AP upstroke
Wide axons - lower resistance - faster
Myelination - insulation
Saltatory conduction - AP jump from node to node, reducing need for slower active regeneration steps

63
Q

SUPPORTING CELLS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
Tissue macrophage that acts as scavenger cells (remove debris)

64
Q

SUPPORTING CELLS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
Macroglia that form myelin in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

65
Q

SUPPORTING CELLS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
Macroglia that form myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

66
Q

SUPPORTING CELLS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
Helps in regeneration and remyelinatiin in PNS

A

Schwann cells

67
Q

SUPPORTING CELLS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
Macroglia that send processes that envelope synapses and surface of nerve cells
Helps form the BBB

A

Astrocytes
• In white matter - fibrous
• In gray matter - protoplasmic (maintains appropriate concentration of iins and NTs by taking up K, glutamate, and GABA)

68
Q

Mechanism for release of NTs to synapse

A

Exocytosis (non-carrier mediated transport)

69
Q

Autoimmune dse wherein antibodies against voltage gated Ca channels are produced, preventing Acetylcholine from being released to NMJ

A

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome

70
Q

Autoimmune dse directed at components of myelin sheath

A

Multiple sclerosis

71
Q

What is found at fhe brain MRI and CSF analysis of MS patients?

A

Oligoclonal bodies

72
Q

MS is associated with this gene

73
Q

Clinical presentation of MS

A

• Distinct episodes of neurological deficits that are separated in time (due to patchy white matter lesions separated in space)
• paraparesis
• paresthesia
• optic neuritis (pain in eye movements, loss of color perception, central scotoma, BOV)

If transient (lasts weeks or months): Relapsing-remitting MS
If no remission: Primary progressive MS

74
Q

Neurotransmitter that opens Na-K pumo that depolarizes the muscle endplate to value halfway between Na-K equilibrium potentials
Dec in Huntington and Alzheimer dementia

A

Acetylcholine (ACH)

75
Q

Primary neurotransmitter of postganglionic sympathetic neurons

A

Norepinephrine

76
Q

Plant used for depression but contraindicated in pregnant

A

St. John’s Wort

77
Q

Nitric Oxide is a ___________ NT and vaso-___________

78
Q

From tryptophan: melanin vs. melatonin

79
Q

From tyrosine: melanin vs. melatonin

80
Q

Main inhibitory NT of spinal cord

81
Q

Main inhibitory NT of brain

82
Q

Main exhitatory NT of brain

83
Q

NT Involved in pain perception

A

Opiod peptide

84
Q

NT for fast pain

85
Q

NT for slow pain

A

Substance P

86
Q

NT that Activates NMDA receptors

87
Q

Affinity of opiod peptides:
Endorphins

88
Q

Affinity of opiod peptides:
Enkephalins

89
Q

Affinity of opiod peptides:
Dynorphin

90
Q

Opioid receptor that is the site of action of morphine

91
Q

Type of skeletal muscle that detects changes in muscle length

A

Intrafusal (5%)

92
Q

Type of skeletal muscle that causes voluntary muscle contraction

A

Extrafusal (95%)

93
Q

Characteristics of Extrafusal Type I fibers

A

• Slow twitch
• Red
• Oxidative
• Numerous mitochondria
• e.g: Postural muscles of the back
• For endurance

94
Q

Characteristics of Extrafusal Type II fibers

A

• Fast twitch
• White
• Anaerobic glycolysis (non-oxidative)
• Few mitochondria
• e.g: EOM
• For power (wt, resistance, sprint)

95
Q

Innervations of Intrafusal and extrafusal, respectively

A

Intrafusal - gamma motor neurons
Extrafusal - alpha motor neurons

96
Q

Composition of thick filaments

A

• Myosin - cross bridges of sarcomere
• 2 pairs of light chains, 1 pair of heavy chains
• 2 heads, 1 tail

97
Q

Composition of thin filaments

A

• Actin
• Tropomyosin - relaxing protein that covers actin binding sites at rest
• Troponin
* Troponin T - attaches troponin complex to tropomyosin
* Troponin I - inhibits actin-myosin binding
* Troponin C - calcium-binding protein

98
Q

Type of muscle fiber not used by a sedentary person

A

Type II muscle fiber (fast twitch, white fibers)

99
Q

Majority of muscle weight comes from?

100
Q

PARTS OF A SARCOMERE:
Borders

101
Q

PARTS OF A SARCOMERE:
Midline

102
Q

PARTS OF A SARCOMERE:
Entire length of myosin

103
Q

PARTS OF A SARCOMERE:
Purely myosin, no actin interspersed

104
Q

PARTS OF A SARCOMERE:
No myosin heads

105
Q

PARTS OF A SARCOMERE:
Purely actin, no myosin interspersed

106
Q

PARTS OF A SARCOMERE:
1. Invaginations of sarcolemma
Spreads action potential throughout muscles. 2. Contains ____________

A
  1. Transverse (T-tubules)
  2. Dihydropyridine receptors (DHPR)
107
Q

PARTS OF A SARCOMERE:
1. Located in T-tubulesand voltage sensitive. 2. It activates____________

A
  1. Dihydropyridine receptors
  2. Ryanodine receptors
108
Q

PARTS OF A SARCOMERE:
1. Contains Ca needed for muscle contraction
2. Amoubt of released Ca depends on ____________

A
  1. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
  2. Stored calcium
109
Q
  1. Ca release channel in SR
  2. It is activated by _________
A
  1. Ryanodine
  2. Dihydropyridine receptors (DHPR)
110
Q

PARTS OF A SARCOMERE:
PROTEIN that stores Ca in the SR

A

Calsequestrin

111
Q

PARTS OF A SARCOMERE:
Pumps Ca from ICF to SR

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum Calcium ATPase pump (SERCA)

112
Q

PARTS OF A SARCOMERE:
Binds myosin to Z-lines, and binds Z-lines to M-lines
Deficiencies cause numerous dystrophy and scleroderma

113
Q

Deficient protein in Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

Dystrophin

114
Q

PARTS OF A SARCOMERE:
Stabilizes sarcolemma and prevents contraction-induced rupture

A

Dystrophin

115
Q

PARTS OF A SARCOMERE:
Binds actin to Z lines

A

Actinin, CapZ protein

116
Q

PARTS OF A SARCOMERE:
Binds Z lines to sarcolemma

117
Q

PARTS OF A SARCOMERE:
Acts a molecular rulers that sets length of actin

118
Q

Initiates AP in skeletal muscle fiber

A

Sodium (Na)

119
Q

DRUGS THAT AFFECT NMJ:
Blocks release of acetylcholine from presynaptic terminals

A

Botulinum toxin

120
Q

DRUGS THAT AFFECT NMJ:
Competes with Ach for receptors on motor-endplate

121
Q

DRUGS THAT AFFECT NMJ:
Inhibits acetylcholinesterase

A

Neostigmine

122
Q

DRUGS THAT AFFECT NMJ:
Blocks reuptake of choline into presynaptic terminal

A

Hemicholinium

123
Q

Dx test for Myasthenia gravis

A

Edrophonium (AchE inhibitor)/Tensilon test

124
Q

Myasthenia gravis mimics this type of poisoning

A

Malathion poisoning

125
Q

INTERCELLULAR STRUCTURES BETWEEN CELL MEMBRANE
• Ring shaped
• Increases surface area for contact
• e.g epithelial and endothelia cells, intercalated disks of cardiac muscles

A

Zonula Adherens

126
Q

INTERCELLULAR STRUCTURES BETWEEN CELL MEMBRANE
• Barrier to movement of proteins across membranes
• divides cell into apical and basolateral side
• e.g epithelium

A

Zonula occludens (Tight junctions)

127
Q

INTERCELLULAR STRUCTURES BETWEEN CELL MEMBRANE
• Bridge for sharing small molecules between cells
• For rapid intercellular communication (contract as one/SYNCITIUM!)
• e.g cardiac and unitary smooth muscles

A

Gap junctions

128
Q

INTERCELLULAR STRUCTURES BETWEEN CELL MEMBRANE
• Attach cell membrane to basement membrane
• e.g. stratum basale attaches to basement membrane using _____

A

Hemidesmosomes (only 1 side)

129
Q

TYPE OF TIGHT JUNCTIONS:
Found in PCT and Jejunum

130
Q

TYPE OF TIGHT JUNCTIONS:
Found in collecting duct, terminal colon, blood brain barrier

131
Q

TYPES OF TRANSPORT FOR ZONULA OCCLUDENS/TIGHT JUNCTION:
Movement across apical and basolateral sides

A

Transcellular transport

132
Q

TYPES OF TRANSPORT FOR ZONULA OCCLUDENS/TIGHT JUNCTION:
Movement through tight junctions

A

Paracellular transport

133
Q

Integral proteins inside tight junctions

134
Q

Functional unit of gap junction
(Hexagonal in shape)

135
Q

Subunit of connexon

PHYSIOLOGY (9 decks)

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