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neurophysiology <3 > neurophys mst 1 > Flashcards

neurophys mst 1 Flashcards

1
Q

glial cells in CNS

A

oligodendrocyte
microglia
astrocyte
ependymal cells
radial glia

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2
Q

bipolar neuron

A

has 2 ends

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3
Q

classification of neurons depends on what 4 factors

A

morphology
function
location
chemical

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4
Q

flow of information in neurones

A

dendrite -> cell body -> axon

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5
Q

where does integration occur in a neuron

A

cell body

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6
Q

FASTER COMMUNICATION?
axo-dendritic / axo-somatic

A

axo-somatic

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7
Q

glial cells in PNS

A

schwann cells & satellite cells

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8
Q

satellite cells

A

support cell bodies in PNS

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9
Q

schwann cells

A

myelination in PNS

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10
Q

astrocytes

A

blood-brain barrier
reuptake of NT
support CNS
bridging between neurons

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11
Q

microglia

A

clear up damaged cells

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12
Q

ependymal cells

A

create barriers between compartments
source of neural stem cells

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13
Q

increase complexity NS does what to
neuron : astrocyte

A

increase in astrocyte : neuron ratio

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14
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

arms of myelin to many axons

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15
Q

gap junctions on astrocytes

A

connection between astrocytes
(potassium gos through during spatial buffering)

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16
Q

blood flow during neuronal activity

A

increased blood flow to areas of neural activity
via. arterial dilation

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17
Q

molecules that can cross blood brain barrier

A

small lipid molecules
glucose

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18
Q

why do astrocytes release gliotransmitters?

A

regulates synaptic transmission between neurons and ecf in brain
via. d-serine & glutamate excitation

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19
Q

threshold

A

potential where passive responses become active ones

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20
Q

current

A

movement of charge

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21
Q

current depends on

A
  1. potential difference (V=IR)
  2. ability to move within substance - conductance G & resistance (G=1/R)
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22
Q

capacitance

A

ions interacting across membrane

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23
Q

gating

A

opening of channel

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24
Q

why is there different forms of channels

A

stimulated by different things
open/close at different rates
allow different amounts of ion to pass

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25
Q

voltage gated channels

A

open and close along an axon vis change in transmembrane voltage

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26
Q

ligand gated channels

A

ion acts as a ligand, binds to receptor

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27
Q

mechanically gated channels

A

sense touch = open

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28
Q

how are ion channels selective?

A

e.g. potassium within selectivity filter is in MOST RELAXED STATE, a different ion in this filter would not be as relaxed

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29
Q

major determinant for permeability to an ion

A

number of channels open

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30
Q

what CANT stimulate ion channel to open

A

increase ion conc outside compared to inside

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31
Q

equilibrium

A

point where conc & elec grads are balanced, no net ion movement

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32
Q

fast / slow
(ion channel & gpcr)

A

ION - fast
GPCR - slow

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33
Q

gpcr’s

A

metabotropic

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34
Q

amino acid NT’s

A

SMALL
glutamate, gaba, glycine

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35
Q

small NT’s

A

Ach, purines, AA’s, biogenic amines

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36
Q

biogenic amine NT’s

A

dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, serotonin, histamine

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37
Q

peptide NT’s
what receptor
how many aa’s long?

A

via metabotropic receptors
3-30 AA’s long

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38
Q

diff between GABA & glutamate

A

gaba lacks carboxyl group
allowing for receptors to differentiate between

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39
Q

viatt

A

vesicular aa transporter
gaba & glycine have the same

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40
Q

transmembrane spanning domain

A

single AA chain that fits through membrane

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41
Q

which NT to Gs

A

NA

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42
Q

which NT to Gq

A

glutamate

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43
Q

which NT to Gi

A

dopamine

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44
Q

what NT’s use metabotropic

A

glutamate, gaba, histamine, A/NA, dopamine, serotonin, purines, Ach

45
Q

dopamine synthesis (mainly)

A

substantia nigra & ventral tegmental area

46
Q

electric potential

A

how much current will flow

47
Q

conductance

A

ability of charge to move from a to b

48
Q

what molecule causes rmp

A

potassium

49
Q

b4 spectrin & AnKG
(& where is there high density of these?)

A

link na and k channels to membrane
alot at AIS & nodes

50
Q

Nav isoforms

A

do different things, expression is diff for diff neurons -> this is plastic

51
Q

myelin protein - MBP

A

compacts cytoplasm

52
Q

myelin protein MOG &MAG

A

poke out of ecf, attract next layer

53
Q

nodes

A

cluster of na channels
high capacitance`
via b4 & ankyrin

54
Q

paranode

A

ends of nodes
via NFI55 - caspr - contactin

55
Q

juxtaparanode
(& periaxonal space)

A

K+ channels
periaxonal space: between myelin and axon, transfers substrates between axon and myelin

56
Q

saltatory conduction (myelin)

A

jump over myelin is not true because ap is intracellular
strength of ap decays at internode & is replenished at node

57
Q

otto loewi & frogs

A

when heart in one chamber was stimulated, this stimulated heart in attached chamber -> chemical (NT)

58
Q

neurotransmitter criteria

A
  1. produced w/in neuron
  2. stored w/in neuron
  3. depolarise neuron = release
  4. act on receptor after release
  5. degradation / reuptake
  6. frog heart (same affect when put on post syn)
59
Q

classical NT
(strengths & duration)

A

fast and short

60
Q

non-classical NT

A

slow and long

61
Q

post synaptic density

A

dense b/c alot of protein receptors -> need alot of activation for ap

62
Q

how does Ca2+ = vesicle fusion?

A

binds to release proteins

63
Q

quantum
how many Ach?

A

amount of NT in one vesicle
det. min size of post syn potential
(10,000 Ach)

64
Q

miniature end plate potential MEPP

A

change in membrane potential by single quanta
1/100th of end plate potential

65
Q

co-transmitters

A

more than one NT released

66
Q

low freq stimulation

A

clear core vesicles

67
Q

high freq stimulation

A

large dens vesicles

68
Q

vesicle protein - synapsin

A

tether vesicles together

69
Q

vesicle protein - clathrin

A

coating

70
Q

psd-95 protein (post density)

A

receptors

71
Q

psd pallium

A

scaffolding (deep layer)

72
Q

how many proteins do excitatory synapses have

A

1000

73
Q

how many proteins do inhibitory synapses have

A

250

74
Q

neuroligin/neurexin complex

A

adhesion between the two neurons (pre and post)

75
Q

neuroligin

A

post synaptic

76
Q

neurexin

A

pre synaptic

77
Q

shanks

A

cytoskeletal proteins
bind homer to metabotropic glutamate receptors & IP3

78
Q

gephrin

A

inhibitory synapses
hexagonal lattice interacts with inhibitory proteins

79
Q

sensory transduction

A

convert interaction to change property of neuron to alter firing probability

80
Q

what determines sensory info

A

type of neuron type NOT stimulus

81
Q

rapidly adapting

A

transient firing
adapted -> no need to fire

82
Q

slow adapting

A

fire throughout

83
Q

glabrous skin

A

hairless skin

84
Q

free nerve endings (glabrous skin)

A

pain cool heat receptors

85
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

vibration detectors

86
Q

ruffini endings & merkel cell

A

slow adapting

87
Q

meissner corpuscles

A

rapidly adapting

88
Q

afferent fibres that lack specialisation detect what?

A

pain

89
Q

muscle spindles

A

encode length
in parallel

90
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

encode tension
in series

91
Q

y (gamma) motor neurons

A

innervate intrafusal muscle fibres
tune static & dynamic responses to 1 prim aff

92
Q

how does olfaction contribute to taste

A

diffusion of volatile odorants into the nasal cavity

93
Q

granule cells

A

tuning of olfaction

94
Q

round window

A

allows fluid to move

95
Q

scala vestibuli (canal)

A

filled with perolinth

96
Q

scala tympani

A

filled with endolinth

97
Q

equilibrium potential vs membrane potential

A

eq: affected by electrochem grad of one cell
mem: affected by gradients of all ions

98
Q

nernst equation

A

It relates the equilibrium potential of an ion to its intra- and extracellular concentrations.
calc eq potential

99
Q

How many connexin subunits form one complete synaptic channel?

A

12
(6 subunits per connexon, 2*6)

100
Q

connexon

A

subunit of gap junctions

101
Q

black widow spider venom

A

promote massive exocytosis

102
Q

active zone

A

where vesicles fuse on presynpatic

103
Q

how does Ca2+ = NT release?

A

By binding to and inducing changes in synaptotagmin that cause the plasma membrane to curve

104
Q

Which intracellular component facilitates the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis underlying synaptic communication?

A

cytoskeleton
(b/c proteins)

105
Q

Which protein plays a key role in endocytosis?

A

clathrin

106
Q

Which feature of an electrical synapse allows synchronizing the electrical activity of multiple neurons?

A

Bidirectional transmission of electrical signals

107
Q

How would application of an intracellular Ca 2+ chelator affect the function of a synapse?

A

It would eliminate the postsynaptic potential and Ca 2+-dependent vesicle fusion.

108
Q

gamma motor neurons

A

innervate intrafusual muscle fibres (improve accuracy of info)

neurophysiology <3 (11 decks)

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