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Physiology (Cells) > Neurons > Flashcards

Neurons Flashcards

1
Q

Gyrus

A

The ridge

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2
Q

Dorsal horn

A

in posterior side of spinal cord, receives input from afferent (sensory nerves)

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3
Q

Sucus

A

The wrinkle

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4
Q

Ventral horn

A

in anterior side of spinal cord, receives input from efferent (motor nerves)

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5
Q

Grey matter

A

contains neuronal cell bodies

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6
Q

White matter

A

contains myelinated axons

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7
Q

Is autonomic nervous system automatic or voluntary functions

A

automatic

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8
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight

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9
Q

fight or flight

A

sympathetic nervous system

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10
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest

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11
Q

rest and digest

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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12
Q

role of astrocytes

A

maintain external environment, form BBB

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13
Q

role of ependymal cells

A

make CSF

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14
Q

role of microglia

A

macrophages of CNS

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15
Q

role of oligodendrites

A

form myelin in CNS

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16
Q

role of schwann cells

A

form myelin in PNS

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17
Q

role of satellite cells

A

support cell bodies in PNS

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18
Q

what are graded potentials

A

decide when an action potential should be fired

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19
Q

Why is there a resting membrane potential

A

keeps cells ready to fire

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20
Q

role of dendrites

A

recieve info

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21
Q

role the axon hillock

A

triggers action potential

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22
Q

another name of the axon hillock

A

Initial segment

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23
Q

How many cervical nerves are there

A

8

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24
Q

What do the cervical nerves innervate

A

Neck, shoulders and arms

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25
Q

How many thoracic nerves are there

A

12

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26
Q

What does the thoracic nerves innervate

A

Chest and abdomen

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27
Q

How many lumbar nerves are there

A

5

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28
Q

What do the lumbar nerves innervate

A

Hips and legs

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29
Q

How many sacral nerves are there

A

5

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30
Q

What does the sacral nerves innervate

A

Genitalia and GI tract

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31
Q

What is the pathway for sensory info to get to spinal cord

A

Afferent (sensory) nerves → dorsal root ganglion → interneurons

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32
Q

What is the pathway for motor info to get from spinal cord to muscle

A

Interneurons → ventral root ganglion → efferent nerve

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33
Q

What are the 4 neuron morphologies

A
  1. Bipolar
  2. Pseudounipolar
  3. Multipolar
  4. Anaxonic
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34
Q

What morphologies do afferent neurons have

A

Bipolar + pseudounipolar

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35
Q

What morphologies to interneurons have

A

multipolar + anaxonic

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36
Q

What morphologies do motor neurons have

A

Multipolar

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37
Q

What is hyperpolarisation?

A

When the membrane becomes more negative, brings voltage further away from firing threshold

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38
Q

What is depolarisation

A

When the membranes becomes more positive bringing it close or to the threshold firing voltage

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39
Q

What is a nerve

A

A bundle of neuron axons

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40
Q

What are the 4 types of graded potentials

A
  1. generator potentials
  2. postsynaptic potentials
  3. end plate potentials
  4. pacemaker potentials
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41
Q

Where are generator graded potentials

A

In sensory receptors

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42
Q

Where are end plate graded potentials

A

The neuromuscular junction

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43
Q

Where are pacemaker graded potentials

A

Pacemaker tissues

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44
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of graded potentials

A
  1. graded (duh)
  2. decremental
  3. hyper or depolarising
  4. summative
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45
Q

What does a decremental graded potential mean

A

charge decreases as it is going through the membrane

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46
Q

Why are graded potentials also called local potentials

A

Because due to decremental charcteristic they can only travel short distances

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47
Q

What are the 2 types of hyperpolarising potentials

A

Fast and slow IPSPs

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48
Q

What are the 2 types of depolarising potentials

A

Fast and slow EPSPs

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49
Q

What ions are involved in fast IPSPs
Fast Cars go in, Slow biKes go out

A

Cl- ions moving into the cell

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50
Q

What ions are involved in slow IPSPs
Fast Cars go in, Slow biKes go out

A

K+ moving out of the cell

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51
Q

What receptor type is responsible for fast IPSPs and EPSPs

A

ionotropic

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52
Q

What receptor type is responsible for slow IPSPs and EPSPs

A

Metabotropic

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53
Q

What ions are involved in fast EPSPs
Fast Excitement Needs Kicks, Slow Excitement Keeps Out

A

Na+ ions moving into the cell and K+ moving out

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54
Q

What ions are involved in slow EPSPs
Fast Excitement Needs Kicks, Slow Excitement Keeps Out

A

K+ ions moving out the cell

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55
Q

What is temporal summation

A

back to back signals from the same presynaptic neuron will summate

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56
Q

What is spatial summation

A

similar signals from different PSNs will summate

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57
Q

What are the 3 types of synapses in the CNS

A
  1. axo-dendritic
  2. axo-somatic
  3. axo-axonic
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58
Q

Where do axo-dendritic synapses synapse onto

A

a dendrite

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59
Q

Where do axo-somatic synapses synapse onto

A

onto the soma

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60
Q

Where do axo-axonic synapses synapse onto

A

synapses onto another axo-dendritic or axo-somatic synapse

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61
Q

What are the 3 ionic stages of an action potential

A
  1. Leaky K+ channels move K+ out of cell
  2. Na+ channels open and move Na+ into cell → depolaisation
  3. Voltage gated K+ channels open and move K+ out of cell → repolarisation and hyperpolarisation
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62
Q

What are the 5 properties of action potentials

A
  1. all or nothing firing
  2. threshold for firing
  3. self propagating
  4. have a refractory period
  5. travel slowly
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63
Q

What is saltatory conduction

A

Myelination

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64
Q

How does myelination affect action potential conduction

A

increases speed
increases membrane resistance = less leakage
decreases membrane capacitance = less currant wasted

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65
Q

What changes in action potentials due to demyelination diseases

A

decreased membrane resistance
increased membrane capacitance

66
Q

What are the 5 nerve fibre types

A

A alpha
A beta
A gamma
A delta
C

67
Q

What is the only nerve fibre type that isnt myelinated

A

C

68
Q

What is the conduction velocity of A alpha nerves

A

70-120m/s

69
Q

What is the conduction velocity of A beta nerves

A

30-70m/s

70
Q

What is the conduction velocity of A gamma nerves

A

15-30m/s

71
Q

What is the conduction velocity of A delta nerves

A

12-30m/s

72
Q

What is the conduction velocity of C nerves

A

0.5-2m/s

73
Q

What is the functions of Aa fibres

A

Proprioception and motor neurons

74
Q

What is the functions of Ab fibres

A

Touch and pressure

75
Q

What is the functions of Ay fibres

A

Motor neurons of muscle spindles

76
Q

What is the functions of Ad fibres

A

Touch, cold and fast pain

77
Q

What is the functions of C fibres

A

Warmth and slow pain

78
Q

What are the 6 neurotransmitter types

A
  1. acetylcholine
  2. amines
  3. amino acids
  4. peptides
  5. purines
  6. gases
79
Q

What neurotransmitters are amines

A

adrenalin
dopamine
serotonin
histamine

80
Q

What neurotransmitters are amino acids

A

glutamate
GABA

81
Q

what neurotransmitters are peptides

A

endorphines

82
Q

what neurotransmitters are purines

A

ATP
adenosine

83
Q

What gas acts as a neurotransmitter

A

nitric oxide

84
Q

What are the 2 types of synaptic connectivity

A

divergence (1 to many)
convergence (many to 1)

85
Q

Characteristics of the NMJ

A

large graded potential
no synaptic integration
post junctional folds increase no of channels

86
Q

What are the 4 reasons that CNS synapses are more complicated then NMJ

A
  1. more neurotransmitters
  2. range of postsynaptic potentials
  3. arrangement of synapses
  4. arrangement of wiring (fire together, wire together)
87
Q

What is feedback inhibition in neurons

A

action potential firing triggers inhibitory interneuron
prevents repeated firings

88
Q

What is a monosynaptic reflex

A

A spinal cord reflex that involves 1 synapse

89
Q

Is the muscle spindle (stretch) reflex mono or polysynaptic

A

Mono

90
Q

What type of motor neuron innervates extrafusual muscle fibres

A

alpha

91
Q

What type of motor neuron innervate intrafusual muscle fibres

A

gamma

92
Q

What does alpha and gamma coactivation do in the muscle spindle reflex

A

allows muscle spindle to respond to stretch, whatever the muscle length is

93
Q

What is an example of the muscle spindle reflex

A

Doctors knee hammer test

94
Q

Is the golgi tendon reflex mono or polysynaptic

A

poly

95
Q

How does the golgi tendon reflex work

A

excessive tension sends a signal to inhibitory interneurons in spinal cord to inhibit motor neuron

96
Q

Is the flexion and crossed extensor reflex mono or polysynaptic

A

poly

97
Q

Whats an example of the flexion and crossed extensor reflex

A

stepping on a lego brick

98
Q

what is the role of the primary motor cortex

A

controls individual motor neurons during movement

99
Q

what is a motor homunculus

A

a respresentation of the human body based on what area of the body that area controls

100
Q

what connects the motor cortex to motor neurons in the spinal cord

A

corticospinal tract

101
Q

what is the role of the premotor cortex

A

decides if a movement should be made

102
Q

what is the role of the basal ganglia

A

plans the details of how to make a specific movement

103
Q

what structures make up the basal gangia

A

striatum
→ caudate
→ putamen
globus pallidus
substantia nigra

104
Q

what dopaminergic pathways connect the striatum and substantia nigra

A

nigrostriatal and straitonigral pathways

105
Q

what is the role of the cerebellum

A

coordinated timing and force of movements (fine tunes)

106
Q

what structures does the cerebellum get inputs from

A

proprioceptors and vestibular apparatus (sensory info)
motor cortex (via thalamus)

107
Q

where does the cerebellum send info to

A

spinal cord (via rubrospinal tract)
motor cortex (via thalamus)

108
Q

what is the role of the brainstem and spinal cord in movement

A

brainstem integrates postural reflexes
spinal cord contains central pattern generators

109
Q

What are the differences in innervation between the autonomic and somatic nervous systems

A

A - pre and postganglion fibres
S - single neuron

110
Q

What type of receptor is in the ANS

A

ionotropic

111
Q

what type of receptor is in the SNS

A

metabotropic

112
Q

Is the ANS exitatory or inhibitory

A

exitatory

113
Q

Is the SNS exitatory or inhibitory

A

both

114
Q

where do the sympathetic nerves branch from

A

T1-12 and L1-2

115
Q

where do the parasynpathetic nerves branch from

A

Cranial III, VI, IX and X, and S2-4

116
Q

Where are the sympathetic ganglia located

A

in spinal cord - prevertebral
or near spinal cord - paravertebral

117
Q

where are the parasympathetic ganglia located

A

near the target

118
Q

what neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nervous system release

A

Noradrenalin

119
Q

What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic system release

A

Acetylcholine

120
Q

What adrenalin receptor dilates the eyes

A

A1

121
Q

How does the sympathetic system dilate the eyes

A

activated a1 adrenergic receptors on radial muscle of iris, muscle contracts and pupils expand

122
Q

How does the parasympathetic branch constrict the eyes

A

actiavtes muscarinic receptors on sphinctor muscle in iris, muscle contracts and pupils contract

123
Q

How does the sympathetic branch affect vision

A

activated b2 receptors on ciliary muscle around lens, muscle relaxes and eye can focus on distant objects

124
Q

How does the parasympathetic system affect vision

A

activates muscarinic receptors in ciliary muscle, contracts and eye focuses on close objects

125
Q

How does the sympathetic branch affect heart rate

A

activates B1 receptors in pacemaker cells and myocytes, increase heart rate and contraction strength

126
Q

How does the parasympathetic branch affect heart rate

A

activates muscarinic receptors in pacemaker cells to decrease heart rate

127
Q

How does the sympathetic branch affect lung function

A

activates b2 receptors on smooth muscles in airways → dilates = more airflow

128
Q

How does the parasympathetic branch affect lung function

A

activates muscarinic receptors to constrict smooth muscle in airways

129
Q

How does the sympathetic branch affect blood vessels

A

activates a1 receptors in smooth muscle → contraction, activates b2 receptors in smooth muscle → dilation (in different tissues)

130
Q

how does the parasym branch affect blood vessels

A

no effect

131
Q

how does the symp branch affect saliva production

A

activates b receptors to secrete a thick saliva high in enzymes

132
Q

how does the parasymp branch affect saliva production

A

activates muscarinic receptors to secrete a thin water saliva

133
Q

how does the symp branch affect bladder function

A

activates b2 receptors in smooth muscle in bladder wall → relaxes to reduce pressure and activates a1 receptors in smooth muscle of sphincter → contracts to stop a weewee

134
Q

how does the parasymp branch affect bladder function

A

activates muscarinic receptors in bladder wall to contract, activates in sphincter to cause a weewee

135
Q

How does the symp branch affect the male reproductive tract

A

activates a1 receptors in urethra to cause ejaculation

136
Q

How does the parasymp branch affect male reproductive tract

A

activates muscarinic receptors in corpus cavernosum to cause erection

137
Q

How are B2 agonists used as medication

A

B2 agonists dilate airways and have a limited affect on heart → asthma treatment

138
Q

How are B1 antagonists used as medications

A

B1 antagonist decreases heart rate and has a limited affect on airways → beta blockers

139
Q

what receptors does acetylcholine act on

A

nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

140
Q

What is the ratio of release of adrenalin and noradrenalin by sympathetic postganglion cells

A

80:20

141
Q

What are some of the rule breakers in ANS neurotransmitters

A

some sympathetic cholinergic fibres innervate sweat glands
some post ganglion fibres use other transmitters
sometimes coreleased with the orthodox transmitter

142
Q

What is an example of dual innervation with non-antagonistic actions in ANS

A

salviary glands

143
Q

what is an example of dual innervation with complementary effects in ANS

A

male reporduction tract

144
Q

What are the 2 types of autonomic acetylcholine receptors

A

Muscarinic
Nicotinic

145
Q

What adrenalin receptors contracts blood vessels

A

A1

146
Q

What adrenalin receptors contract the bladder sphincter

A

A1

147
Q

What adrenalin receptor causes male ejaculation

A

A1

148
Q

What do A2 adrenalin receptors regulate

A

Trick question - nothing

149
Q

What do A1 adrenalin receptors regulate

A
  1. eye dilation
  2. contract blood vessels
  3. contract bladder sphincter
  4. male ejaculation
150
Q

What adrenalin receptor increases heart rate

A

B1

151
Q

What adrenalin receptor thickens saliva

A

Bs

152
Q

What functions do B1 receptors regulate

A

heart rate and saliva viscosity

153
Q

What adrenalin receptor relaxes the lens

A

B2

154
Q

What adrenalin receptor dilates airways

A

B2

155
Q

What adrenalin receptor dilates blood vessels

A

B2

156
Q

What adrenalin receptors relax the bladder wall

A

B2

157
Q

What 5 functions do the B2 adrenalin receptors regulate

A
  1. relaxes lens
  2. dilates airways
  3. dillates blood vessels
  4. thickens saliva
  5. relaxes bladder walls
158
Q

What 2 adrenalin receptors work together to contract and dilate blood vessels

A

A1 and B2

159
Q

What acetylcholine receptor regulates the parasympathetic functions

A

muscarinic

160
Q

Is an end plate potential an action or graded potential

A

graded

161
Q

How many nerves extend from the cervical, thoratic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae

A

C8
T12
L5
S5

Physiology (Cells) (11 decks)

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