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Physiology (Cells) > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal cellular equivalent of the sarcolemma

A

Cell membrane

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2
Q

What is the normal cellular equivalent of the sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm

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3
Q

What is the normal cellular equivalent of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

What proteins make up the thin filament

A

Globular actin (G actin)
Tropomyosin
Troponin

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5
Q

What is the sliding filament theory

A

Thin and thick filaments slide over each other when muscle contracts

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6
Q

Where is the I band

A

Between the A bands of two sarcomeres

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7
Q

How do the bands change during contraction in the sliding filament model

A

Only I changes - shortens

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8
Q

What is the first stage of the cross bridge cycle

A

ATP binding causes myosin to disconnect

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9
Q

What is the second stage of the cross bridge cycle

A

ATP is hydrolysed, triggers myosin hinge to move and bind to next G actin

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10
Q

What is the third stage of the cross bridge cycle

A

Pi pisses off and causes myosin head to move back to 45 degrees, moving the actin filament

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11
Q

What is the power stroke

A

The third stage of the cross bridge cycle

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12
Q

What is the fourth stage of the cross bridge cycle

A

ADP fucks off too, resets

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13
Q

What is the role of Ca+ during contraction

A

An increase in cytosolic Ca+ causes tropomyosin to move, exposing G actin for myosin to bind

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14
Q

What is the flow of events that leads to muscle contraction

A
  1. Action potential at neuromuscular junction
  2. Excitation-contraction coupling
  3. Ca2+ released
  4. Cross bridge cycle
  5. Sliding filament / muscle twitch
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of an isometric contraction

A

no muscle shortening, but sarcomeres shorten and elastic elements stretch maintaining total muscle length

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of an isotonic contraction

A

sarcomeres shorten but elastic components are already stretched to the muscle shortens

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17
Q

What is a neurogenic contraction

A

stimulated from action potentials from neurons

18
Q

What is a myogenic contraction

A

stimulated from spontaneous contractions

19
Q

Is skeletal muscle contraction an example of neurogenic or myogenic contraction

A

Neurogenic

20
Q

Is cardiac muscle contraction neurogenic or myogenic

A

Myogenic

21
Q

Is smooth muscle contraction neurogenic or myogenic

A

Myogenic

22
Q

What are the 5 factors that influence force generation in skeletal muscle

A
  1. initial length of muscle
  2. degree of activation
  3. rate of contraction from fibre types
  4. frequency of stimulation (twitch vs tetanus)
  5. size of muscle
23
Q

What muscle type isn’t striated

A

Smooth

24
Q

How are muscle fibres arranged in skeletal and cardiac muscle

A

Sarcomeres

25
Q

How are muscle fibres arranged in smooth muscle

A

Oblique bundles

26
Q

What anatomical structures are absent or significantly reduced in smooth muscle

A

T tubles and sarcoplasmic reticulum

27
Q

What muscle type has the slowest contraction speed

A

smooth muscle

28
Q

What 2 types of organisation do smooth muscle fibres have

A

Single and multi unit organisation

29
Q

What structures do smooth muscle have that the others don’t

A

Cavaeloae

30
Q

What signalling methods does single unit muscle fibres use

A

Neuron and gap junctions

31
Q

What signalling method does multi unit fibres use

A

Neuron only

32
Q

Give an example of multi unit contraction

A

Muscles in eye

33
Q

Give an example of single unit contraction

A

Intestinal smooth muscle

34
Q

What 2 second messengers are involved in contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle

A

Ca2+ and calmodulin

35
Q

What are the stages in relaxation of smooth muscle

A
  1. Ca2+ decreases
  2. Ca2+ unbinds from calmodulin
  3. Myosin phosphatase removes phosphate - decreasing myosin ATPase activity
  4. decreased muscle tension
36
Q

What is the role of caveolae

A

Ca2+ stores

37
Q

What are the M lines in sarcomeres

A

the attachment site for myosin thick filaments

38
Q

Where are the M lines located in the sarcomere

A

Bang in the middle

39
Q

What is the H zone in a sarcomere

A

zone within the A band that only contains the thick myosin filaments

40
Q

What is the A band in a sarcomere

A

part of the sarcomere that contains the whole thick myosin filament
contains the H zone and M line

Physiology (Cells) (11 decks)

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