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Physiology (Cells) > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Organs or groups of cells that synthesize and secrete hormones into the bloodstream; they are always ductless.

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2
Q

How do exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine glands secrete hormones into ducts for short-distance hormone delivery.

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3
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical secreted from an endocrine gland or cell that travels via the bloodstream to trigger a specific response in a target cell.

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4
Q

What are the patterns of hormone production?

A
  1. Chronic (constitutive) – e.g., thyroid hormones
  2. Acute (stimulated) – e.g., insulin
  3. Cyclic (pulsatile) – e.g., growth hormone, follows biological rhythms
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5
Q

Can hormone production patterns vary?

A

Yes, for example, thyroid hormones are usually chronic, but during pregnancy, they can become acute.

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6
Q

What are the three main classifications of hormones?

A
  1. Peptide hormones
  2. Steroid hormones
  3. Amine hormones
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of peptide hormones?

A

Vary in size
Pre-synthesized and stored in vesicles for fast release
Hydrophilic
Short half-life, quickly metabolized in the bloodstream

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8
Q

How are peptide hormones synthesized?

A

Synthesized as preprohormones by RNA in the ER → Catalyzed into prehormones → Packaged into vesicles → Final hormone formed in Golgi apparatus → Released into the bloodstream when triggered.

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of steroid hormones?

A

Synthesized from cholesterol
Not pre-synthesized; slow release (up to 90 mins)
Hydrophobic
Long half-life due to carrier proteins

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10
Q

What are some examples of steroid hormones?

A

Aldosterone and cortisol (from adrenal cortex)
Estradiol (from ovaries)

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11
Q

How do steroid hormones interact with target cells?

A

They diffuse through membranes
bind to intracellular receptors,
forming a transcription factor that influences gene expression.

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12
Q

What are amine hormones, and from what are they derived?

A

Amine hormones are derived from either tyrosine or tryptophan.

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13
Q

What hormones are derived from tyrosine?

A
  1. Catecholamines: dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
  2. Thyroid hormones: T3 and T4
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14
Q

What hormone is derived from tryptophan?

A

Melatonin

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15
Q

How do catecholamines behave?

A

they behave like peptide hormones.

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16
Q

How do thyroid hormones behave?

A

they behave like steroid hormones.

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17
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Integrates information about the environment and body state (e.g., hydration, stress, time of day, menstrual cycle) and sends signals to the pituitary.

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18
Q

What connects the hypothalamus and pituitary?

A

The infundibulum

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19
Q

What is the posterior pituitary gland composed of?

A

Neuroendocrine tissue developed from neural tissue, connected to the hypothalamus by nerves.

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20
Q

How is the anterior pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus

A

By a portal system of capillaries.

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21
Q

What hormones are stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland (PPG)?

A

Vasopressin and oxytocin.

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22
Q

Where are vasopressin and oxytocin synthesized?

A

In magnocellular neurons in the hypothalamus

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23
Q

What triggers the release of vasopressin?

A

Increased plasma osmolarity or reduced plasma volume.

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24
Q

What are the primary functions of vasopressin?

A

Increases water reabsorption in kidneys and raises blood pressure in vascular smooth muscle.

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25
Q

What triggers the release of oxytocin?

A

Baby suckling or labor.

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26
Q

What are the main actions of oxytocin?

A

Causes milk release and uterine contractions by contracting smooth muscle

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27
Q

What types of hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A

Trophic hormones or direct-acting hormones.

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28
Q

What happens in the case of hormone imbalance in the anterior pituitary?

A

Atrophy (low hormone output) or hypertrophy (excess hormone output).

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29
Q

What is the sequence of hormone release from the hypothalamus to the bloodstream via the AP?

A

Hypothalamus → hypothalamic trophic hormone release → APG receptor binding → AP hormone release into bloodstream

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30
Q

What hormone does somatotroph cells in PG release

A

Growth hormone

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31
Q

What cell types are acidophiles

A

Somatotrophs and lactotrophs

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31
Q

What hormone does lactotroph cells in PG release

A

Prolactin

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32
Q

Which hypothalamic hormone is not a peptide hormone?

A

Dopamine.

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33
Q

What types of cell groups are found in the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Acidophile cells and basophil cells.

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34
Q

What cell types are basophiles (The Cool Guys)

A

Thyrotrophs, corticotrophs and gonadotrophs

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35
Q

What are the three integration centers for feedback control in the AP?

A

1) Hypothalamus, 2) Anterior pituitary, 3) Target endocrine cell

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36
Q

What types of feedback exist in the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Long-loop feedback (from endocrine target) and short-loop feedback (from AP to hypothalamus).

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37
Q

What are trophic hormones?

A

Hormones that trigger the release of other hormones

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38
Q

Where does vertical bone growth start from

A

Epiphyseal

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39
Q

What are the stages in bone growth

A
  1. Prechondrytes + growth hormone
  2. Develop into mature chondrytes
  3. Release IGF1
  4. Cell division
  5. Chondrocytes produce cartilage
  6. Old chondrocytes die
  7. Osteoblasts create bone on top of the cartilage
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40
Q

What is the growth hormone release pathway

A

Hypothalamus = Growth hormone releasing hormone
Anterior pituitary = growth hormone
Liver = IGF1

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41
Q

What is the role of growth hormone and IGF1

A

Cell cycle and division, tissue growth, metabolism (protein synthesis, fat breakdown, and cellular glucose uptake)

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42
Q

What type of hormone is GH

A

Peptide hormone

43
Q

What is the release pattern of GH

A

Cyclically, with most release during sleep
Acute during puberty

44
Q

How does thyroid hormone influence growth hormone activity

A

Increases receptor expression

45
Q

How does sex hormones influence GH activity

A

Stimulates GH production
Closes epiphyseal plate after puberty
Testosterone increases protein synthesis

46
Q

How does insulin affect GH activity

A

Increases protein synthesis
Inhibits protein degradation
Stimulates glucose uptake into cells

47
Q

How does cortisol influence GH activity

A

Cortisol stimulates protein breakdown
Inhibits GH

48
Q

What are the causes of pituitary dwarfism

A

Deficiency of GH in childhood, lack of production or lack of receptors

49
Q

What are the symptoms of pituitary dwarfism

A

Lack of vertical growth

50
Q

What is the treatment for pituitary dwarfism

A

genetically engineered hGH, limited window for treatment

51
Q

What are the causes of pituitary gigantism

A

Excess of GH in childhood, caused by benign tumor

52
Q

What are the symptoms of pituitary gigantism

A

Tall as fuck

53
Q

What are the treatment options for pituitary gigantism

A

tumour removal, or somatostatin like drugs (sometimes ineffective as tumour doesn’t respond to negative feedback signals)

54
Q

What are the causes of acromegaly

A

Excess of GH in teenage years or adulthood, caused benign by benign tumor

55
Q

What are the symptoms of acromegaly

A

Thickening of bones in hands, feet and face, hypertrophy of organs i.e heart

56
Q

What are the treatment options for acromegaly

A

surgical removal or somatostatin drugs

57
Q

What two endocrine cells does the thyroid gland contain

A
  1. Follicular cells
  2. Clear cells
58
Q

What are thyroid hormones synthesised from

A

Tyrosine and iodine

59
Q

Are thyroid hormones slow or fast acting

A

Slow

60
Q

How are thyroid hormones synthesised

A

In colloid → thyroid peroxidase binds thyroglobulin and iodine to form T3 and T4 that are attached to the thyroglobulin backbone

In follicular cell → T3 and T4 separated from backbone and diffuse into bloodstream

61
Q

What pattern of production are thyroid hormones

A

Continuous and acute

62
Q

What functions do thyroid hormones regulate

A

metabolism and growth

63
Q

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism (SWEATING)

A

Sweating
Weight loss
Emotional disturbances
Appetite increase
Tachycardia
Intolerance to heat
Nervous system hypoexitability
Goiter

64
Q

What physiological changes are present in hyperthyroidism
Hot Cats Never Chill

A

Hot = Increased metabolic rate and heat production
C = catabolism of proteins
N = nervous system function is altered
C = cardiac function

65
Q

What are the causes of hyperthyroidism

A

Graves disease, pituitary tumour

66
Q

What are the treatment options for hyperthyroidism

A

Surgery, radioactive iodine treatment, thyrostatics (block TH synthesis), propylthiouracil (blocks T4 to T3 conversion)

67
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

weight gain
cold intolerance
brittle hair and nails
slow speeches and reflexes
slow heart rate
goiter

68
Q

What are the physiological changes present in hypothyroidism

A

Altered nervous system functioning
Changes in cardiac functioning
Decreased metabolic rate
Decreased heat production
Disrupted protein synthesis

69
Q

What are the causes of hypothyroidism

A

Iodine deficiency, autoimmune

70
Q

What are the treatments for hypothyroidism

A

Oral T4, iodine supplements

71
Q

What two tissues make up the adrenal gland

A

Medulla and cortex

72
Q

What type of tissue is the medulla

A

neurohormonal

73
Q

what type of tissue is the cortex

A

true endocrine tissue

74
Q

What type of hormones does the medulla secrete

A

catecholamines

75
Q

What are the three zones in the adrenal cortex

A
  1. zona reticularis
  2. zona fasciculata
  3. zona glomerulosa
76
Q

What hormones does the zona reticularis secrete

A

Sex hormones

77
Q

What hormones does the zona fasciculata secrete

A

Glucocorticoids

78
Q

What hormones does the zona glomerulosa secrete

A

Aldosterone

79
Q

What is the release pattern for cortisol

A

Cyclic - dinural

80
Q

What is the role of cortisol
Cortisol Helps Stressful People get Big Memories

A

Chronic stress response
protects against Hypoglycaemia
Suppresses immune function
stimulates Production of glucose (gluconeogenesis)
Breaks down fats and proteins for energy
Memory and learning

81
Q

What are the symptoms of hypercortisolism

A

hyperglycaemia
tissue wasting
fat accumulation in abdomen and face
immunosuppression

82
Q

What are the causes of secondary hypercortisolism

A

pituitary tumour that secretes ACTH

83
Q

What are the treatments for hypercortisolism

A

surgery or stopping of glucocorticoid medications

84
Q

What are the symptoms of hypocortisolism

A

hypoglycaemia, hypotension, loss of salt balance, mood disorder, weakness and lethargy

85
Q

What are the causes of hypocortisolism (ADDISON)

A

Autoimmune (addisons disease)
Degenerative
Drugs
Infections (TB)
Secondary
Others
Neoplasia

86
Q

What are the treatments for hypocortisolism

A

oral glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, dietary management, treatments for causal disorder

87
Q

What hormone does thyrotrophs release

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

88
Q

What hormone does corticotrophs release

A

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

89
Q

What hormone does gonadotrophs release

A

Lutenising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

90
Q

What is an addisons crisis

A

extreme hypoglycaemia in response to stress, can be fatal

91
Q

What are the causes of primary hypercortisolism

A

adrenals produce excess cortisol because of tumour

92
Q

What are the 7 hypothalamic hormones

A
  1. dopamine
  2. prolactin releasing hormone
  3. thyroid releasing hormone
  4. cortisol releasing hormone
  5. growth hormone releasing hormone
  6. growth factor inhibiting hormone
    7 gonad releasing hormone
93
Q

What are the 6 anterior pituitary hormones

A
  1. prolactin
  2. thyroid stimulating hormone
  3. ACTH
  4. growth hormone
  5. FSH
  6. LH
94
Q

What is the release pathway for IGF-1 including location

A

Hypothalamus = GHRH
Anterior pituitary = GH
Liver = IGF-1

95
Q

What is the release pathway for T3 and T4 including locations

A

Hypothalamus = TRH
AP = TSH
Thyroid gland = T3 and T4

96
Q

What is the release pathway for cortisol, including locations

A

H = CRH
Anterior Pituitary = ACTH
Adrenal cortex = cortisol

97
Q

Where is angiotensin released from

A

Liver

98
Q

Where is renin released from

A

kidneys

99
Q

what enzyme converts angiotensin I to II

A

angiotensin converting enzyme

100
Q

Where is ACE released from

A

endothelium

101
Q

What triggers the release of renin

A

dehydration

102
Q

What is the release pattern of angiotensin

A

chronic

103
Q

Anterior pituitary is connected to hypothalamus via

A

Portal system

104
Q

Posterior pituitary is connected to hypothalamus via

A

Mangocellular neurons

105
Q

Primary hypo or hyper cortisolism is caused by dysfunction of pituitary gland or adrenal glands?

A

Adrenal glands

106
Q

Secondary hyper/hypocortisolism is caused by disfunction of adrenal glands or pituitary gland?

A

Pituitary

Physiology (Cells) (11 decks)

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