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Physiology (Cells) > Blood and The Immune System > Flashcards

Blood and The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What approx % is blood of total body weight

A

7-8%

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2
Q

How much blood would the typical 70kg male have

A

5l

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3
Q

Where is blood distributed

A

20% in lungs
20% heart and arteries
60% in veins

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4
Q

What are the 6 functions of blood

A
  1. carry compounds in plasma
  2. clotting
  3. defense
  4. gas transportation
  5. thermoregulation
  6. maintaining ECF pH
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5
Q

What are the 4 components of blood

A
  1. plasma
  2. red blood cells
  3. white blood cells
  4. platelets
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6
Q

What is the viscosity of plasma

A

1.8

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7
Q

What is the viscosity of blood

A

3-4

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8
Q

What factors influence blood viscosity

A
  1. hemocrit
  2. temperature
  3. flow rate
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9
Q

How does hemocrit influence viscosity

A

50% increase in haemocrit (RBC) increases viscosity 100%

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10
Q

How does temp affect viscosity

A

increasing temp decreases viscosity by approx 2% for every 1C (and vice versa)

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11
Q

How does flow rate affect viscosity

A

decreased flow rate increases viscosity and vice versa

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12
Q

What % of total body weight is plasma

A

4%

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13
Q

What is the composition of plasma

A

95% water
5% biologically active compounds, including plasma proteins

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14
Q

Where are plasma proteins synthesised

A

Liver

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15
Q

What is the role of albumin

A

Transportation
Creates oncotic pressure

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16
Q

What % of plasma proteins are albumin

A

60%

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17
Q

What subunits make up globulin

A

a b and y

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18
Q

What % of plasma proteins are globulin

A

38%

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19
Q

What is the role of a and b globulin

A

Transportation

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20
Q

What is the role of y globulin

A

Creates antobodies

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21
Q

What % of plasma proteins are fibrinogen

A

2%

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22
Q

What is the role of fibrinogen

A

Clotting

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23
Q

What are the 3 plasma proteins

A

Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen

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24
Q

What is colloid oncotic pressure

A

osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins that retains fluid in blood vessels

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25
Q

How does colloid oncotic pressure work

A
  1. plasma proteins displace water from blood vessel into interstitial fluid
  2. water in interstitial fluid moves into vessel to equalise concentration
  3. brings along ions and nutrients into blood vessel
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26
Q

What is hypoproteinaemia

A

Low levels of plasma proteins

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27
Q

What are the causes of hypoproteinaemia

A

prolonged starvation (lack of amino acids)
liver disease (unable to synthesise plasma proteins)
intestinal diseases (unable to absorb amino acids)
nephrosis (protein loss in urine)

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28
Q

What are common symptoms of hypoproteinaemia

A

Oedema

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29
Q

Where do blood cells originate from

A

Bone marrow

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30
Q

What type of stem cell do blood cells originate from

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

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31
Q

What 2 cell types do pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into

A

Uncommitted stem cells and lymphocyte stem cells

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32
Q

What are myeloid cells

A

all cells that come from the uncommitted stem cells

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33
Q

What are lymphoid cells

A

lymphocytes that come from lymphocyte cells

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34
Q

What is the most common blood cell type

A

Red blood cells

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35
Q

What is the approximate concentration of red blood cells

A

4-6x10(12)/L

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36
Q

What is the average lifespan of RBC

A

120 days

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37
Q

Why is arterial and veiny blood different shades of red

A

RBC become lighter when bound to haemoglobin = arterial blood looks brighter

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38
Q

What hormone regulates erythropoiesis

A

Erythropoietin

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39
Q

Where is erythropoietin secreted from

A

kidney (85%) and liver (15%)

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40
Q

What is the role of erythropoietin

A

increases the speed of red blood cell maturation from stem cells

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41
Q

What is the release pattern of erythropoietin

A

constituent release with increased release from anemia, blood loss, cardiac dysfunction and lung disease

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42
Q

How does renal disease affect erythroposis

A

liver takes some of the work, can develop anaemia due to inability to make enough erythropoietin

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43
Q

What is the approx concentration of leukocytes in blood

A

1x10(10)/L

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44
Q

What are the 2 main categories of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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45
Q

What are the granulocytes
Never Eat Bananas

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

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46
Q

What are the agranulocytes

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

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47
Q

What % is neutrophils of total white blood cells

A

68%

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48
Q

What is the half life of neutrophils

A

10 hours

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49
Q

What % is eosinophils in total white blood cells

A

1%

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50
Q

What is the role of eosinophils

A

Allergic responses

51
Q

What % is basophils in total white blood cells

A

<1%

52
Q

What is the role of basophils

A

release histamine during inflammatory response

53
Q

What % of WBC are monocytes

A

5%

54
Q

What is the lifespan of monocytes

A

72 hours then migrate into connective tissue for 3 months and become macrophages

55
Q

What are the 2 types lymphocytes

A

B and T cells

56
Q

What chemical regulates leukopoisis

A

Cytokines

57
Q

What type of cytokines regulate leukopoisis

A

Colony stimulating factors and interleukins

58
Q

Where are interleukins released from

A

mature white blood cells

59
Q

What is the role of interleukins

A

stimulate mitosis and maturation of leukocytes

60
Q

How does cytokine cocktail change in response to different infections

A

bacterial infection increases neutrophils, viral infection increases lymphocytes

61
Q

What is the approx concentration of platelets in blood

A

140-400x10(9)/L

62
Q

What is the average lifespan of platelets

A

10 days

63
Q

What is a haemocrit

A

measurement of red blood cell volume in centrifuged blood

64
Q

Why does plasma look yellow when it has been centrifuged

A

bilirubin which is from RBC

65
Q

Why is jaundace a symptom of liver disease

A

Bilirubin processed in liver = lack of processing = build up in plasma

66
Q

What is haemostasis

A

The processes used to stop blood loss

67
Q

What are the stages of haemostasis

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. clotting cascade
68
Q

What are the stages in platelet plug formation

A
  1. damage to the endothelial lining exposes sub-endothelial proteins such as Von Willebrand Factor (vWF) and collagen
  2. bind to platelets and activates them
  3. release thromboxane A2, ADP and 5-HT (vasoconstrictive agents and attract more platelets)
  4. collagen bound platelets become sticky
69
Q

Is platelet plug formation an example of positive or negative feedback loop

A

Positive

70
Q

What are the sub endothelial proteins involved in platelet plug formation

A

Von Willebrand Factor (vWF) and collagen

71
Q

What compounds do activated platelets release

A

thromboxane A2, ADP and 5-HT

72
Q

What regulates the platelet positive feedback loop

A

Anticoagulants

73
Q

What are the basic processes in the clotting cascade

A

fibrinogen proteins converted to fibrin netting

74
Q

How does the extrinsic pathway and intrinsic pathways work together to cause clotting

A

Factor X converts prothrombin to thrombin
Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin

75
Q

How is factor X activated in intrinsic and extrinsic pathway

A

Intrinsic - X activated by IX
Extrinsic - X activated by III and VII

76
Q

How does the positive feedback loop work in the intrinsic pathway

A

Thrombin increases activation of XI which triggers more thrombin downstream

77
Q

How does the positive feedback loop work in the extrinsic pathway

A

Activated X increases activation of III and VII which further increases activation of X

78
Q

What type of enzyme are the clotting factors (other than FXIII)

A

Serine protease enzymes

79
Q

What type of enzyme of factor XIII

A

transglutaminase

80
Q

What do serine protease enzymes do

A

catalyse peptide bonds

81
Q

What do transglutaminases do

A

Links glutamine residues together

82
Q

What does the fibrolytic/thrombolytic system do

A

Breaks down clots and prevents further clotting

83
Q

What enzyme catalyses clot breakdown

A

plasmin

84
Q

How is plasmin activated

A

plasminogen + tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) → plasmin

85
Q

What proteins does plasmin catalyse

A

fibrin, fibrinogen, and factors V and VIII

86
Q

How is t-PA activated

A

t-PA is incorporated into clot during formation = activates by hiding from PAI-1

87
Q

Is the fibrolytic system an example of positive or negative feedback

A

Negative

88
Q

How is t-PA inhibited

A

t-PA inhibited in plasma by plasma activator inhibitor (PAI-1)

89
Q

What are the 5 endogenous anticoagulation agents in the human body

A
  1. prostacyclin
  2. nitric oxide
  3. heparin
  4. thrombomodulin
  5. tissue factor pathway inhibitor
90
Q

How does prostacyclin work as an anticoagulation agent

A

vasodilator which antagonises TXA2

91
Q

How does nitric oxide work as a anticoagulation agent

A

vasodilator, antagonises platelet aggregation

92
Q

How does heparin work as an anticoagulation agent

A

binds to and activates antithrombin which neutralises factors 9-11

93
Q

How does thrombomodulin work as an anticoagulation agent

A

binds to thrombin, inactivates factors 5 and 8 and promotes formation of plasmin

94
Q

How does tissue factor pathway inhibitor work as an anticoagulation agent

A

inhibits thromboplastin/factor 7 complex

95
Q

How does aspirin work as an anticoagulation agent

A

inhibits cyclooxygenase which is involved in the production in thromb A2

96
Q

How does warfarin work as an anticoagulation agent

A

antagonises the carboxylation of factors by blocking vitamin k reductase , delayed affect of 2-3 days

97
Q

What are cytokines

A

inflammatory mediators

98
Q

What are the key features of the innate immune system

A

quick non specific response
forgetful

99
Q

How do innate immune cells detect a pathogen

A

recognise key sequences in pathogens → pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

100
Q

What 5 immune cells are involved in innate immunity

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. macrophages
  3. mast cells
  4. basophils
  5. NK cells
101
Q

What is the role of neutrophils in the immune response

A

phagocytosis, NETosis

102
Q

What is the role of macrophages in the immune response

A

phagocytosis

103
Q

What is the role of mast cells in the immune response

A

degranulation

104
Q

What is the role of basophils in the immune response

A

degranulation

105
Q

What is the role of NK cells in the immune response

A

→ identify healthy/self cells by MHC1, bind via inhibitory receptors

→ infected or tumour cells have altered MHC1 expression → NK cells detect this and kill

106
Q

How does the complement system work

A

Factors get broken down when activated by pathogens to become
1. opsonins
2. membrane attack complex

107
Q

What are opsonins

A

Tags for phagocytosis

108
Q

What is degranulation

A

the release of granule cell content into the environment to damage pathogens (with collateral)

109
Q

What is NETosis

A

the generation of neutrophil extracellular traps

110
Q

What are the key features of the adaptive immune system

A

slow and specific response
memory

111
Q

What are the 5 types of antibodies

A

IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgD

112
Q

What is the function of IgM

A

activates complement and opsonisation

113
Q

What is the function of IgG

A

maternal antibody (from mum to protect baby), opsoniser

114
Q

What is the function of IgA

A

protects mucosal surfaces

115
Q

What is the function of IgE

A

causes anaphalytic shock and allergies

116
Q

What is the function of IgD

A

the wild card

117
Q

What is the structure of an antibody

A

2 binding sites (Fab and Fc) for same antibody

118
Q

What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune response

A

antigen presenting cell, activates T cells

119
Q

What are the 3 types of T cells

A

Effector
Helper
Cytotoxic

120
Q

What is the role of helper T cells in the immune response

A

secrete cytokines, help other B cells

121
Q

What is the difference between T and B cells

A

B cells = make antibodies
T cells = fighters

122
Q

What is the role of cytotoxic T cells

A

Kill!

123
Q

What are memory B cells

A

Antibody producing B cells that stay in system for immunological memory

Physiology (Cells) (11 decks)

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