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Blood and The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What approx % is blood of total body weight

A

7-8%

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2
Q

How much blood would the typical 70kg male have

A

5l

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3
Q

Where is blood distributed

A

20% in lungs
20% heart and arteries
60% in veins

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4
Q

What are the 6 functions of blood

A
  1. carry compounds in plasma
  2. clotting
  3. defense
  4. gas transportation
  5. thermoregulation
  6. maintaining ECF pH
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5
Q

What are the 4 components of blood

A
  1. plasma
  2. red blood cells
  3. white blood cells
  4. platelets
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6
Q

What is the viscosity of plasma

A

1.8

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7
Q

What is the viscosity of blood

A

3-4

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8
Q

What factors influence blood viscosity

A
  1. hemocrit
  2. temperature
  3. flow rate
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9
Q

How does hemocrit influence viscosity

A

50% increase in haemocrit (RBC) increases viscosity 100%

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10
Q

How does temp affect viscosity

A

increasing temp decreases viscosity by approx 2% for every 1C (and vice versa)

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11
Q

How does flow rate affect viscosity

A

decreased flow rate increases viscosity and vice versa

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12
Q

What % of total body weight is plasma

A

4%

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13
Q

What is the composition of plasma

A

95% water
5% biologically active compounds, including plasma proteins

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14
Q

Where are plasma proteins synthesised

A

Liver

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15
Q

What is the role of albumin

A

Transportation
Creates oncotic pressure

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16
Q

What % of plasma proteins are albumin

A

60%

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17
Q

What subunits make up globulin

A

a b and y

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18
Q

What % of plasma proteins are globulin

A

38%

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19
Q

What is the role of a and b globulin

A

Transportation

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20
Q

What is the role of y globulin

A

Creates antobodies

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21
Q

What % of plasma proteins are fibrinogen

A

2%

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22
Q

What is the role of fibrinogen

A

Clotting

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23
Q

What are the 3 plasma proteins

A

Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen

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24
Q

What is colloid oncotic pressure

A

osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins that retains fluid in blood vessels

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25
How does colloid oncotic pressure work
1. plasma proteins displace water from blood vessel into interstitial fluid 2. water in interstitial fluid moves into vessel to equalise concentration 3. brings along ions and nutrients into blood vessel
26
What is hypoproteinaemia
Low levels of plasma proteins
27
What are the causes of hypoproteinaemia
prolonged starvation (lack of amino acids) liver disease (unable to synthesise plasma proteins) intestinal diseases (unable to absorb amino acids) nephrosis (protein loss in urine)
28
What are common symptoms of hypoproteinaemia
Oedema
29
Where do blood cells originate from
Bone marrow
30
What type of stem cell do blood cells originate from
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
31
What 2 cell types do pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into
Uncommitted stem cells and lymphocyte stem cells
32
What are myeloid cells
all cells that come from the uncommitted stem cells
33
What are lymphoid cells
lymphocytes that come from lymphocyte cells
34
What is the most common blood cell type
Red blood cells
35
What is the approximate concentration of red blood cells
4-6x10(12)/L
36
What is the average lifespan of RBC
120 days
37
Why is arterial and veiny blood different shades of red
RBC become lighter when bound to haemoglobin = arterial blood looks brighter
38
What hormone regulates erythropoiesis
Erythropoietin
39
Where is erythropoietin secreted from
kidney (85%) and liver (15%)
40
What is the role of erythropoietin
increases the speed of red blood cell maturation from stem cells
41
What is the release pattern of erythropoietin
constituent release with increased release from anemia, blood loss, cardiac dysfunction and lung disease
42
How does renal disease affect erythroposis
liver takes some of the work, can develop anaemia due to inability to make enough erythropoietin
43
What is the approx concentration of leukocytes in blood
1x10(10)/L
44
What are the 2 main categories of leukocytes
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
45
What are the granulocytes Never Eat Bananas
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
46
What are the agranulocytes
Monocytes and lymphocytes
47
What % is neutrophils of total white blood cells
68%
48
What is the half life of neutrophils
10 hours
49
What % is eosinophils in total white blood cells
1%
50
What is the role of eosinophils
Allergic responses
51
What % is basophils in total white blood cells
<1%
52
What is the role of basophils
release histamine during inflammatory response
53
What % of WBC are monocytes
5%
54
What is the lifespan of monocytes
72 hours then migrate into connective tissue for 3 months and become macrophages
55
What are the 2 types lymphocytes
B and T cells
56
What chemical regulates leukopoisis
Cytokines
57
What type of cytokines regulate leukopoisis
Colony stimulating factors and interleukins
58
Where are interleukins released from
mature white blood cells
59
What is the role of interleukins
stimulate mitosis and maturation of leukocytes
60
How does cytokine cocktail change in response to different infections
bacterial infection increases neutrophils, viral infection increases lymphocytes
61
What is the approx concentration of platelets in blood
140-400x10(9)/L
62
What is the average lifespan of platelets
10 days
63
What is a haemocrit
measurement of red blood cell volume in centrifuged blood
64
Why does plasma look yellow when it has been centrifuged
bilirubin which is from RBC
65
Why is jaundace a symptom of liver disease
Bilirubin processed in liver = lack of processing = build up in plasma
66
What is haemostasis
The processes used to stop blood loss
67
What are the stages of haemostasis
1. vasoconstriction 2. platelet plug formation 3. clotting cascade
68
What are the stages in platelet plug formation
1. damage to the endothelial lining exposes sub-endothelial proteins such as Von Willebrand Factor (vWF) and collagen 2. bind to platelets and activates them 3. release thromboxane A2, ADP and 5-HT (vasoconstrictive agents and attract more platelets) 4. collagen bound platelets become sticky
69
Is platelet plug formation an example of positive or negative feedback loop
Positive
70
What are the sub endothelial proteins involved in platelet plug formation
Von Willebrand Factor (vWF) and collagen
71
What compounds do activated platelets release
thromboxane A2, ADP and 5-HT
72
What regulates the platelet positive feedback loop
Anticoagulants
73
What are the basic processes in the clotting cascade
fibrinogen proteins converted to fibrin netting
74
How does the extrinsic pathway and intrinsic pathways work together to cause clotting
Factor X converts prothrombin to thrombin Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
75
How is factor X activated in intrinsic and extrinsic pathway
Intrinsic - X activated by IX Extrinsic - X activated by III and VII
76
How does the positive feedback loop work in the intrinsic pathway
Thrombin increases activation of XI which triggers more thrombin downstream
77
How does the positive feedback loop work in the extrinsic pathway
Activated X increases activation of III and VII which further increases activation of X
78
What type of enzyme are the clotting factors (other than FXIII)
Serine protease enzymes
79
What type of enzyme of factor XIII
transglutaminase
80
What do serine protease enzymes do
catalyse peptide bonds
81
What do transglutaminases do
Links glutamine residues together
82
What does the fibrolytic/thrombolytic system do
Breaks down clots and prevents further clotting
83
What enzyme catalyses clot breakdown
plasmin
84
How is plasmin activated
plasminogen + tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) → plasmin
85
What proteins does plasmin catalyse
fibrin, fibrinogen, and factors V and VIII
86
How is t-PA activated
t-PA is incorporated into clot during formation = activates by hiding from PAI-1
87
Is the fibrolytic system an example of positive or negative feedback
Negative
88
How is t-PA inhibited
t-PA inhibited in plasma by plasma activator inhibitor (PAI-1)
89
What are the 5 endogenous anticoagulation agents in the human body
1. prostacyclin 2. nitric oxide 3. heparin 4. thrombomodulin 5. tissue factor pathway inhibitor
90
How does prostacyclin work as an anticoagulation agent
vasodilator which antagonises TXA2
91
How does nitric oxide work as a anticoagulation agent
vasodilator, antagonises platelet aggregation
92
How does heparin work as an anticoagulation agent
binds to and activates antithrombin which neutralises factors 9-11
93
How does thrombomodulin work as an anticoagulation agent
binds to thrombin, inactivates factors 5 and 8 and promotes formation of plasmin
94
How does tissue factor pathway inhibitor work as an anticoagulation agent
inhibits thromboplastin/factor 7 complex
95
How does aspirin work as an anticoagulation agent
inhibits cyclooxygenase which is involved in the production in thromb A2
96
How does warfarin work as an anticoagulation agent
antagonises the carboxylation of factors by blocking vitamin k reductase , delayed affect of 2-3 days
97
What are cytokines
inflammatory mediators
98
What are the key features of the innate immune system
quick non specific response forgetful
99
How do innate immune cells detect a pathogen
recognise key sequences in pathogens → pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
100
What 5 immune cells are involved in innate immunity
1. neutrophils 2. macrophages 3. mast cells 4. basophils 5. NK cells
101
What is the role of neutrophils in the immune response
phagocytosis, NETosis
102
What is the role of macrophages in the immune response
phagocytosis
103
What is the role of mast cells in the immune response
degranulation
104
What is the role of basophils in the immune response
degranulation
105
What is the role of NK cells in the immune response
→ identify healthy/self cells by MHC1, bind via inhibitory receptors → infected or tumour cells have altered MHC1 expression → NK cells detect this and kill
106
How does the complement system work
Factors get broken down when activated by pathogens to become 1. opsonins 2. membrane attack complex
107
What are opsonins
Tags for phagocytosis
108
What is degranulation
the release of granule cell content into the environment to damage pathogens (with collateral)
109
What is NETosis
the generation of neutrophil extracellular traps
110
What are the key features of the adaptive immune system
slow and specific response memory
111
What are the 5 types of antibodies
IgM IgG IgA IgE IgD
112
What is the function of IgM
activates complement and opsonisation
113
What is the function of IgG
maternal antibody (from mum to protect baby), opsoniser
114
What is the function of IgA
protects mucosal surfaces
115
What is the function of IgE
causes anaphalytic shock and allergies
116
What is the function of IgD
the wild card
117
What is the structure of an antibody
2 binding sites (Fab and Fc) for same antibody
118
What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune response
antigen presenting cell, activates T cells
119
What are the 3 types of T cells
Effector Helper Cytotoxic
120
What is the role of helper T cells in the immune response
secrete cytokines, help other B cells
121
What is the difference between T and B cells
B cells = make antibodies T cells = fighters
122
What is the role of cytotoxic T cells
Kill!
123
What are memory B cells
Antibody producing B cells that stay in system for immunological memory

Physiology (Cells) (11 decks)

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