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S3 Case 1 - Neurology > Neuronal Signalling in the context of CNS Disorders > Flashcards

Neuronal Signalling in the context of CNS Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of transmembrane transport?

A

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Primary active transport
Secondary active transport

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2
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Free movement of ions from high to low conc
NO carriers

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3
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Diffusion helped by transmembrane carriers + ion channels

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4
Q

What is primary active transport?

A

Movement of ions from a low conc to a high conc via ion pumps, using ATP

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5
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

Uses free energy of the electrochemical gradient for one component to transport another against its chemical gradient

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6
Q

What are voltage-gated ion channels?

A

Transmembrane proteins that form ion channels that are activated by changes in the electrical membrane

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7
Q

What are ligand-gated ion channels?

A

Membrane proteins that open by binding of neurotransmitter, hormone or drug

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8
Q

What are G protein coupled receptors?

A

Detect molecules outside the cell + activate internal signal transduction pathways

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9
Q

What is an example of primary active transport?

A

Na+/K+-ATPase

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10
Q

What is an example of secondary active transport?

A

Na+/Ca2+-exchanger

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11
Q

What is the charge inside the cell?

A

Negative

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12
Q

What is the charge outside the cell?

A

Positive

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13
Q

What is depolarisation?

A

Reduction of charge

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14
Q

What is the depolarisation a result of?

A

Increased influx of Na+ +/or Ca2+
= increased neuronal excitability

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15
Q

What is the resting potential value?

A

-70mV

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16
Q

What is hyperpolarisation?

A

Increase of charge

17
Q

What is hyperpolarisation a result of?

A

Increased efflux of K+
= decreased neuronal excitability

18
Q

What is an action potential?

A

Change in voltage spontaneously or as a result of a stimulus

19
Q

How many phases is there?

A

0-4

20
Q

What happens in phase 0?

A

Resting membrane potential
Slow depolarisation

21
Q

What happens in phase 1?

A

Rapid depolarisation

22
Q

What happens in phase 2?

A

Repolarisation

23
Q

What happens in phase 3?

A

Afterhyperpolarisation

24
Q

What happens in phase 4?

A

Resting membrane potential
Slow depolarisation

25
Q

Where is noradrenaline synthesised?

A

Adrenal medulla in sympathetic nervous system

26
Q

Describe the pathway formation of noradrenaline

A

From dopamine to noradrenaline (by dopamine beta-mono-oxygenase)

27
Q

Which diseases are associated with reduced noradrenaline?

A

Depression
Poor memory
Lack of energy, motivation + concentration

28
Q

Which diseases are associated with increased noradrenaline?

A

Increased BP
Increased HR
Hyperactivity
Anxiety + stress
Irritability + insomnia

29
Q

Where is dopamine synthesised?

A

Neurons + cells in the medulla of the adrenal glands

30
Q

Which diseases are associated with reduced dopamine?

A

Parkinson’s disease
ADHD
Narcolepsy
Depression
Schizophrenia

31
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease (PD)?

A

Degeneration of dopamine neurons

32
Q

What are the symptoms of PD?

A

Involuntary shaking
Slow movement (bradykinesia)
Stiff + flexible muscles

33
Q

Where is serotonin synthesised?

A

Midbrain + hypothalamus

34
Q

Which diseases are associated with serotonin dysfunction?

A

Depression
confusion
Agitation
Headaches
Increase BP
N&V
Diarrhoea

35
Q

Which diseases are associated with decreased Ach?

A

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
Parkinson’s
Myasthenia gravis

36
Q

What is AD?

A

Progressive neurological disorder, characterised by loss of memory or other intellectual abilities

S3 Case 1 - Neurology (16 decks)

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