Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Brain and Behaviour > Neuronal Control Of Motivational Behaviour- Drinking Eating And Bladder > Flashcards

Neuronal Control Of Motivational Behaviour- Drinking Eating And Bladder Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
The Brain flashcards
0
Q

Where are the structures that sense blood osmolarity located?
3-4

A

In the hypothalamus, inside the subfornical organs (in wall of the third ventricle) there are osmoreceptor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is control of drinking linked to?

A

OsmolaRity of the blood (Higher it is the greater the thirst)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When will blood osmolarity increase?

A

When there is loss of water due to sweating, inadeqaute drinking or excess urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The subfornical organ is outside of the BBB. T/F

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the pathway of thirst (Stimulation- Nucleas and effect)

A

Stimulation - Osomorecptor cells in the subfornical organ
SFO project into the MEDIAL PREOPTIC NUCLEAS in hypothalamus
which projects to the limbic system and increases thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What other nucleases does the SFO activate cells in? And what do they release?

A 
Periventricular nucleas (In third ventricle)
Supra Optic Nucleas (Above optic chiasm)

Release ADH!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name three roles of ADH that help reduce water loss in the URINE.

  1. Na
  2. Aquaporins
  3. Urea
A
  1. Increase Sodium REABSORPTION
  2. Cause additional water channels (aquaporins) to move into the membrane of the collecting duct epithelial cells (Water passes out of the CD into the renal medulla which lowers volume and increases urine conc)
  3. Increases the permeability of Urea in CD (More reabsorption of Urea into the medullary interstitial fluid so more reabsotption of water)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the role of ADH? (2)

A

Reduce water loss in the urine, so prevents blood osmolarity rising even further when thirsty)

REDUCE URINE FLOW - LESS WATER LOST - OSMOLARITY DOESNT RISE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the three nucleases involved in thirst and their positions in hypothalmus.

A
  1. Medial preoptic Nucleas
  2. Periventricular nucleas (Beside 1 - in 3rd ventricle)
  3. Supra optic nucleas (Below 1 above the optic chiasm)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What else is controlled by the Preoptic nucleas besides blood osmolarity to allow optical control?

A

Body Temperature

Desert:
Hot - Lose water by sweating
Thirsty - Conserve water

Initially no urine production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Above what temperature does sweating continue despite intense thirst (in desert) to keep body temp low?

A

41 degress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What structure in the brain controls Body weight?

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is the control of body weight more complex than control of water?

A

Water is one substance, food is made of ATLEAST three components - PROTEIN, FAT, CARBS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What two processes regulate weight at a set point in non obese?

A
  1. Regulation of input

2. Regulation of intestinal absoprtion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lesions in the lateral Hypothalamus cause what? And name the centre that is lesioned? Nucleas?

A

ANOREXIA
Lateral hypothalmic orexigenic centre (controls hunger)
Nucleas is unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lesions in the medial hypothalmus cause what? Name the centre that is affected and the nucleas?

A
  1. Obesity
  2. Ventromedial statiety centre (stops feeding)
  3. Periventricular nucleas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Later hypothalamus
Medial hypothalmus

Lesions in these area cause what

A
  1. Anorexia (Lateral outside skinny)

2. Obesity (Middle - fat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the role of the lateral and medial hypothalamus?

A

Lateral - Hunger

Medial - Feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does the hypothalamus regulate food intake (one of the two process that control body weight)

A

Balance between the external (look/smell) and internal (stomach contractions and blood chemicals)

How hungry we are INT and how attractive the food is EXT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name the blood chemicals and what stimuli are they associated with food intakes?

A

Glucose, insulin, Grhelin, Choleytoxen and Leptin

Internal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens if internal stimuli weak but external stimuli is strong

Not hungry but food looks good

A

Not eat

21
Q

What nucleas is associated with Internal Stimuli and External Stimuli?

A

Internal - Arcuate Nucleas

External- Periventricular Nucleas

22
Q

What stimuli is the arcuate nucleas for?

A

Internal

23
Q

The Internal and External Stimuli project to their nucleases (Arcuate and Periventricualr Nucleases), but then where do they project to?

A

Lateral hypothalamus (Feeding) Which activate or inhibit eating behaviour

24
Q

What stimuli does ventromedial lesion affect?

A

Internal Stimuli. (WE WILL FEEL HUNGRY)

So if we see nice food we will eat it
If we see ugly food (STARVE) - EXTERNAL STIMULI still intact

25
Q

What happens if we see unpalpable (bitter or not nice looking food) and the person is obese?

A

They will become anorexic and not eat because although medial hypothalamus and internal stimuli is afffected which causes them to become obese their external stimuli works and so will not overeat

26
Q

Name the 3 (5) Blood chemical hormones assoicated with Internal stimuli?

A
  1. Ghrelin
  2. CCK (Cholecytokinin)
  3. GLP-1 (Glucgon like peptide)
    1. Glucagon and Insluin
27
Q

Which blood chemicals Stimulate eating and which Inhibit Eating?

A

Stimulate - Ghrelin

Inhibit- CCK and CLP-1

28
Q

How do blood chemicals works?

A

They both stimualte different neurones in differerent parts of the articuate nucleas, which then project to the periventricular nucleas to either inhibit or stimulate it.

29
Q

What is the periventricular nucleas otherwise known as?

A

Satiety Centre - When you feel full!

30
Q

Describe how Ghrelin Works?

Neurones, Location Nucleas, Nucleas

A

Ghrelin stimulates
1. Agouti-related peprides (AgRP)
2.Neuropeptides Y (NP Y)
neurones in the VENTROMEDIAL Articuate nucleas which INHIBIT Periventricular (Satiety centre) and so STIMULATE EATING

31
Q

How does CCK and GLP - 1 work? (Leptin doesnt affect satiety centre)
Nueruone, Location nucleas and nucleas

A
  1. Stimualte the Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurones in the
  2. DORSOLATERAL part of articuate nucleas
  3. STIMULATES the periventricular nucleas (Satiety centre) - STOP EATING
32
Q

Why does Leptin not work like the CCK OR GLP-1 when it comes to STOP EATING?

A

After eating Leptin levels do not rise and so cannot be used a Satiety signal to stop eating.

33
Q

What is the difference in LEPTIN AND (CCK AND GLCP-1)?

A

Both Inhibit eating
1. CCK AND GLP -1 Stimulate the Periventricular Satiety centres
and Leptin doesnt as its level do not rise after eating
2. CCK and GLP-1 short term so signals of satiety increase after each meal but leptin LONG TERM

34
Q

Ghrelin
role
What, Produced, Receptors, Acts on, Releases

A

INCREASE Eating
Protein Hormone,
Great fundus of stomach and epsilon cells of pancreas
G couples receptors
Ventreomedial Arcuate Nucleas (AgRP and NPY neurones
Dopamin - Pleasure after eating

35
Q

Leptin

Role, Produced, special case, feedback, other affects

A

INHIBITS eating
Adipose tissue
(- Leptin levels do not rise after meal so cannot be used as satiety signal) - Long term reuglator of appetitie
Circulating leptin reflect amount of adipose tissue. So ciruculating leptin acts as a feedback signal to tell if the body weight is above or below the set point
- Affects fertility - low levels will stop menstruation and ovualtion

36
Q

Cholecytokinin

Role, Produced, Secrted, Causes, Travels

A

INHIBIT EATING
Mucosal epithelium of small intestine
Duodeneum
Release of digestive enzymes from the stomach, and bile from gall bladder
In the blood to the arucate nucleas in the hypothalamus
for SATIETY CONTROL

37
Q

GLP - 1 causes what other thing to be secreted?

A

Inslulin

Glucaon like peptide-1

38
Q

What is Diuresis?

A

Production of Urine by the kindeys

39
Q

Describe the pathway of urine

A

Kindeys to the ureter to the bladder and then the uretha and then outside world

40
Q

What muscles are located at the end of the uretha?

A

External and Internal Spinchter Urethral Muscles

41
Q

What other muscles besides the Spinchter aid with keeping Pee in and in what state.

A

Detrusor muscle found in the bladder wall, and in relaxed state.Contract - pee is released

42
Q

Describe the differences in the External and Internal Uretheral and anal Sphincter Mucles?

A

Internal - Smooth muscle and INvoluntary (Sympathetic)

External - Skeletal muscle and VOLUNTARY

43
Q

What is Micturition? The reflex?

A

Storage phase of urine, and its reflex causes you to pee

44
Q

PEE - Holding in the Pee

  1. Efferents to what muscles, state and receptors
  2. Nerves along, Synapses - tract - location of the spinal cord - area in the brain
  3. Nerves from the brain go to where? Along which nerves? To which muscle? Point of it?
A
  1. Sympathetic efferents to the Detrusor muscles of the baldder Open relxaed (B receptors) and Internal Uretheral Sphincter Muscle Contract Closed(A receptors)
  2. Bladder fills activates stretch receptors which sends nerves along the pelvic nerve to the Spinothalmic tract in the dorso horn of the sacral spinal cord to the gential area of the somatosenory cortex - Tells the brain we need to pee
  3. Nerves comes down to the lower motor neurones along the pudenal nerve to the external sphincter (Volunaty keep it closed until we go to the loo)
45
Q

PEE - taking pee out (Micturition reflex)MR

  1. Signal sent from where to which nucleas
  2. What tract is activated and what does it do
  3. What muscle and state, the nervous system and receptors
  4. What type of feedback
A
  1. Signal sent from the forebrain to BARRINGTON NUCLEAS in the pons which activates MR
  2. Activates desceding fibres in the reticulospinal tract that inhibit sympathetic output (dont hold pee in) and activate parasympathethic
  3. Contracts Detrusor muscle via PARASYMPATHETIC M3 receptors
  4. Positive feedback - contracts until all bladder is empty
46
Q

PEE pathways

A

Sympathetic Efferents to relax Detrusor (B receptor) and contract Internal Sphincter (A) receptors, along pelvic nerve to the STT of dorsal horn of the sacral spinal cord to the somatosensory cortex genital areas), and then pudenal nerve to contract external sphincter

Nerves from the cortex to barringtons Nucleas to activate the Micturition reflex which send fibres down to Reticulospinal tract to INHIBIT Sympathetic and activate Parasympathetic (M3) which CONTRACT Detrusor muscle and positive feedback to empty bladder until all urine gone

47
Q

Defaction Pathway just areas poo moves along

A

Sigmoid colon to the rectum to the anus (Rectum is usually empty), and sensory Affernets that connect it to to the dorsal horn of sacral spinal cord

48
Q

What part of the spinal cord is associated with PEE AND POO? (micturition and defaction?

A

Dorsal horn of the sacral spinal cord

49
Q

Defaction pathway (Similar to the Micturition)

A

Rectum empty, when poo enters activation of stretch receptors which send sympathetic efferents to internal sphincter to keep it closed. and send Afferents to the dorsal horn of the sacral spinal cord to the STT to the genital areas of the somatosensory cortex which tells body we need to poo

Stretch activate anorectal reflex, that will inhibit sympathic (internal anal sphincter relax)

50
Q

What muscles are invvolved when we dont want to put but have to?

A

The external anal sphincter is contracted as skeletal voluntary muscle which will override the ano rectal reflex as it will be stronger.

Brain and Behaviour (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions