24 Voluntary movements Flashcards
What is the lower motor neurone for?
These innervate the muscles and provide contractions.
What are the four systems that control Voluntary movement? (In hierarchy)
- Upper motor neurones
- Lower motor Neurones
- Cerbellum
- Basal Ganglia
What is the upper motor neurone for?
These DONT innervate muscles but carry voluntary movement commands to the LMN where they synapse.
Where are the UMN cell bodies?
In the cerebral cortex and the brain stem
What is the cerebellum for?
Co-ordinate complicated multi jointed movements. It receives input from the muscles and the motor cortex and compares them. If their is a mismatch then uncoordinated movements.
What are the three tracts of the cerbelleum? And what are their roles?
- Vestibulo-cerbellum : Balance and Posture
- Spinocerebellum : Locomotion and voluntary movement of arms and legs.
- Cerebro-cerebelum: Skilled motor tasks, e.g speaking, coordination of hands and eyes
What regions are involved in motor control? (4)
- Prefontal coretc
- Frtonal eye fields
- Premotor cortex and supplementary cortex
- Primary motor cortex
(In order lateral to medial to brain stem) Inferior to it is the broca
How does the motor cortex work? Ready Steady Go?
- Post parietal coretx (Area 5,7) - Decision to move
- Association motor cortex (Area 6) - Plans to move and stores in until requires
- Primary motor cortex (Area 4)- Movement and activation of the descedning tracts
What are the Upper motor neurone tracts?
Pyramidal and Extrampyramidal?
Extrapyramidal - Vestibulorspinal and Reticulospinal (Balance and posture) and Rubrospinal (Gross movements)
Pyramidal- Corticospinal (Precise movements)
Differences in extrapyramidal and pyramidal tracts? (2)
- Pyramidal is PRECISE voluntary movements and Extrapyramidal is GROSS non voluntary movements
- Pyramidal goes straight from the cerebral cortex to spinal cord
and extra pyramidal goes to the brain stem and then the spinal cord
Name the pyramidal tract?
corticospinal (Precise voluntary)
Name Extrapyramidal tracts?
- Rubrospinal (Gross movements)
2. Vestibulospinal and reticulospinal (Balance and posture)
What is the role of the motot cortex?
Has to gain knowlege of where the body part is in space, where the body needs to move and stores to movement until it is required.
What is the function of UMN? (5)
- Excitation
- Inhibition
- Reflex modulation
- Efference copy
- Activates other brainstem UMNs
What theory is used to describe the role of the basal ganglia?
Expalin the theory
Brake theory.
To keep still: Put brake on movement muscles but not posture muscles
To move: Put brake on posture muscles but not movement
Difference in cerebellum and Basal Ganglia?
Both provide information for movement, however
cerbellum regulates movement directly, ie it has connections to spinal cord etc
Basal Ganglia - Just initiates action and what to do, doesnt relay it on to muscles
Damadge to basal ganglia causes?
Parkinson - slow or unwanted involunatary movement (Hyper/hypokinesia)
What are the 5 nuclei that make up the Basal Ganglia?
C P grows sexy submarines
- Caudate
- Putamen
- Globus Pallidus
- Substantia Nigra
- Subthalmic nuclei
What neurone control stretcg reflex?
Y motor neurone (Gamma)
What is msucle tone?
How is it maintained?
How is it regulated
- Tension in muscle due to contraction which causes fatigue
- Maintained by stretch reflex and GTO reflex and gamma motor nueons
- Regulated by the descending pathways
How do we maintain posture when most of our weight is anterior?
We have deep muscles in the back (anti gravity muscles), which are more developed and have GREATER TONE and STRETCH REFLEXES that maintain posture.
Tone is continuously unconsciously adjusted.
Difference in Spasticity and Rigidity
Both increase muscle tone but causes are different
Spasticity - loss of Y motor neurone inhibition
Rigidity - Loss of A motor neurones inhibition
Damage to motor system in different areas produces what/
- Cerebllum
- Basal Ganglia
- Association motor cortex
- Descending pathways
- Ataxia (Uncoordinated movements - fall) and Hypotonia
- Slow unwanted movements (Hyper/Hypo kinesia) - Parkinson
- Apraxia
- SPASTICITY AND HYPERTONIA ( LMN and nerve Damadge)
