24 Voluntary movements

Question 0

What is the lower motor neurone for?

Answer 0

These innervate the muscles and provide contractions.

Question 1

What are the four systems that control Voluntary movement? (In hierarchy)

Answer 1

1. Upper motor neurones
2. Lower motor Neurones
3. Cerbellum
4. Basal Ganglia

Question 2

What is the upper motor neurone for?

Answer 2

These DONT innervate muscles but carry voluntary movement commands to the LMN where they synapse.

Question 3

Where are the UMN cell bodies?

Answer 3

In the cerebral cortex and the brain stem

Question 4

What is the cerebellum for?

Answer 4

Co-ordinate complicated multi jointed movements. It receives input from the muscles and the motor cortex and compares them. If their is a mismatch then uncoordinated movements.

Question 5

What are the three tracts of the cerbelleum? And what are their roles?

Answer 5

1. Vestibulo-cerbellum : Balance and Posture
2. Spinocerebellum : Locomotion and voluntary movement of arms and legs.
3. Cerebro-cerebelum: Skilled motor tasks, e.g speaking, coordination of hands and eyes

Question 6

What regions are involved in motor control? (4)

Answer 6

1. Prefontal coretc
2. Frtonal eye fields
3. Premotor cortex and supplementary cortex
4. Primary motor cortex

(In order lateral to medial to brain stem) Inferior to it is the broca

Question 7

How does the motor cortex work? Ready Steady Go?

Answer 7

1. Post parietal coretx (Area 5,7) - Decision to move
2. Association motor cortex (Area 6) - Plans to move and stores in until requires
3. Primary motor cortex (Area 4)- Movement and activation of the descedning tracts

Question 8

What are the Upper motor neurone tracts?

Pyramidal and Extrampyramidal?

Answer 8

Extrapyramidal - Vestibulorspinal and Reticulospinal (Balance and posture) and Rubrospinal (Gross movements)
Pyramidal- Corticospinal (Precise movements)

Question 9

Differences in extrapyramidal and pyramidal tracts? (2)

Answer 9

1. Pyramidal is PRECISE voluntary movements and Extrapyramidal is GROSS non voluntary movements
2. Pyramidal goes straight from the cerebral cortex to spinal cord
   and extra pyramidal goes to the brain stem and then the spinal cord

Question 10

Name the pyramidal tract?

Answer 10

corticospinal (Precise voluntary)

Question 11

Name Extrapyramidal tracts?

Answer 11

1. Rubrospinal (Gross movements)

2. Vestibulospinal and reticulospinal (Balance and posture)

Question 12

What is the role of the motot cortex?

Answer 12

Has to gain knowlege of where the body part is in space, where the body needs to move and stores to movement until it is required.

Question 13

What is the function of UMN? (5)

Answer 13

1. Excitation
2. Inhibition
3. Reflex modulation
4. Efference copy
5. Activates other brainstem UMNs

Question 14

What theory is used to describe the role of the basal ganglia?
Expalin the theory

Answer 14

Brake theory.

To keep still: Put brake on movement muscles but not posture muscles
To move: Put brake on posture muscles but not movement

Question 15

Difference in cerebellum and Basal Ganglia?

Answer 15

Both provide information for movement, however
cerbellum regulates movement directly, ie it has connections to spinal cord etc
Basal Ganglia - Just initiates action and what to do, doesnt relay it on to muscles

Question 16

Damadge to basal ganglia causes?

Answer 16

Parkinson - slow or unwanted involunatary movement (Hyper/hypokinesia)

Question 17

What are the 5 nuclei that make up the Basal Ganglia?

C P grows sexy submarines

Answer 17

1. Caudate
2. Putamen
3. Globus Pallidus
4. Substantia Nigra
5. Subthalmic nuclei

Question 18

What neurone control stretcg reflex?

Answer 18

Y motor neurone (Gamma)

Question 19

What is msucle tone?
How is it maintained?
How is it regulated

Answer 19

1. Tension in muscle due to contraction which causes fatigue
2. Maintained by stretch reflex and GTO reflex and gamma motor nueons
3. Regulated by the descending pathways

Question 20

How do we maintain posture when most of our weight is anterior?

Answer 20

We have deep muscles in the back (anti gravity muscles), which are more developed and have GREATER TONE and STRETCH REFLEXES that maintain posture.

Tone is continuously unconsciously adjusted.

Question 21

Difference in Spasticity and Rigidity

Answer 21

Both increase muscle tone but causes are different
Spasticity - loss of Y motor neurone inhibition
Rigidity - Loss of A motor neurones inhibition

Question 22

Damage to motor system in different areas produces what/

1. Cerebllum
2. Basal Ganglia
3. Association motor cortex
4. Descending pathways

Answer 22

1. Ataxia (Uncoordinated movements - fall) and Hypotonia
2. Slow unwanted movements (Hyper/Hypo kinesia) - Parkinson
3. Apraxia
4. SPASTICITY AND HYPERTONIA ( LMN and nerve Damadge)