Neurology - The Basics

Question 1

neural plate gives rise to

Answer 1

neural tube

neural crest cells

Question 2

notochord becomes _______ in adults

Answer 2

nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disk

Question 3

alar plate (dorsal)

Answer 3

sensory

Question 4

basal plate (ventral)

Answer 4

motor

Question 5

forebrain
(prosencephalon)
which secondary vesicles?

Answer 5

telencephalon

diencephalon

Question 6

midbrain
(mesencephalon)
which secondary vesicle?

Answer 6

mesencephalon

Question 7

hindbrain
(rhombencephalon)
which secondary vesicles?

Answer 7

metencephalon

myelencephalon

Question 8

telencephalon becomes

Answer 8

cerebral hemispheres

lateral ventricles

Question 9

diencephalon becomes

Answer 9

thalamus

third ventricle

Question 10

mesencephalon becomes

Answer 10

midbrain

aqueduct

Question 11

metencephalon becomes

Answer 11

pons
cerebellum
upper part 4th ventricle

Question 12

myelencephalon becomes

Answer 12

medulla

lower part 4th ventricle

Question 13

neural tube defects

Answer 13

neuropores fail to fuse - 4th week, so amniotic cavity and spinal canal connected
elevated AFP
elevated AChE

Question 14

spina bifida occulta

Answer 14

bony spinal canal doesn’t close
no structural herniation
dura intact
tuft of hair

Question 15

meningocele

Answer 15

meninges, not spinal cord, herniate through spinal cord defect

Question 16

meningomyelocele

Answer 16

meninges & spinal cord herniate through spinal cord defect

Question 17

forebrain anomaly: anencephaly

Answer 17

malformation of anterior neural tube = no forebrain
increased AFP
polyhydramnios
maternal DM1

Question 18

forebrain anomaly: holoprosencephaly

Answer 18

failure of right & left hemispheres to separate
wk 5 - 6
sonic hedgehog signaling pathway malfunction
moderate: cleft lip/palate
severe: cyclopia

Question 19

posterior fossa malformation: Chiari II

Arnold-Chiari malformation

Answer 19

cerebellar tonsillar, vermian herniation through foramen magnum w/ aqueductal stenosis & hydrocephalus
thoraco-lumber myelomeningocele
paralysis below defect

Question 20

posterior fossa malformation: Dandy-Walker

Answer 20

agenesis of cerebellar vermis w/ cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle - fills enlarged posterior fossa
hydrocephalus
spina bifida

Question 21

syringomyelia

Answer 21

cystic enlargement central canal spinal cord
“cape-like” bilat loss pain, temp upper extrem.
C8 - T1
Chiari I malformation

Question 22

tongue development: ant. 2/3 tongue

Answer 22

1st branchial arch
sensation CN V3
taste CN VII

Question 23

tongue development: post. 1/3

Answer 23

3rd & 4th arches
sensation & taste mainly CN IX
extreme posterior CN X

Question 24

tongue development: motor innervation

Answer 24

CN XII

Question 25

tongue development: mm. derived from

Answer 25

occipital myotomes