Neuology - Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards by Laura Sherwood

neuroectoderm gives rise to

CNS neurons
ependymal cells - inner lining of ventricles; make CSF
oligodendroglia
astrocytes

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neural crest gives rise to

PNS neurons

Schwann cells

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mesoderm gives rise to

microglia

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axon injury

Wallerian degeneration

degeneration distal to injury
axonal retraction proximally
allows for regen of axon if PNS

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astrocytes

physical support, repair
K+ metabolism
removal of excess nt
maintain b3
marker: GFAP
injury = reactive gliosis

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microglia

CNS phagocytes
mesodermal origin
HIV = multinucleated giant cell in CNS

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myelin

increase conduction velocity of signals down axons
increase space constant
salutatory conduction of AP btwn nodes of Ranvier
CNS - oligodendrocytes
PNS - Schwann cells

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oligodendroglia

oligodendrocyte myelinate multiple CNS axons

destroyed in MS - “fried eggs” on H&E

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Schwann cells

myelinates one PNS axon
promote axonal regeneration
derived from neural crest
destroyed in Guillain-Barre syndrome

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acoustic neuroma

type of schwannoma

internal acoustic meatus (CN VIII)

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sensory corpuscles: free nerve endings

description

C - slow, unmyelinated fibers

Adelta - fast, myelinated fibers

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sensory corpuscles: free nerve endings

location

all skin, epidermis, some viscera

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sensory corpuscles: free nerve endings

senses

pain

temperature

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sensory corpuscles: Meissner’s corpuscles

description

large, myelinated fibers

adapt quickly

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sensory corpuscles: Meissner’s corpuscles

location

glabrous (hairless) skin

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sensory corpuscles: Meissner’s corpuscles

senses

dynamic, fine/light touch

position sense

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sensory corpuscles: Pacinian corpuscles

description

large, myelinated fibers

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sensory corpuscles: Pacinian corpuscles

location

deep skin layers
ligaments
joints

sensory corpuscles: Pacinian corpuscles

senses

vibration

pressure

sensory corpuscles: Merkel’s discs

description

large, myelinated fibers

adapt slowly

sensory corpuscles: Merkel’s discs

location

hair follicles

sensory corpuscles: Merkel’s discs

senses

pressure
deep static touch
position sense

peripheral nerve: endoneurium

invests single nerve fiber layers

inflam infiltrate in Guillian-Barre

peripheral nerve: perineurium

permeability barrier
surrounds a fascicle of nerve fibers
must be rejoined in microsurg. for limb reattachment

peripheral nerve: epineurium

dense connective tissue, surrounds entire nerve | fascicles and blood vessels

NT: NE | in disease

up in anxiety | down in depression

NT: NE | synthesis

locus ceruleus | pons

NT: dopamine | in disease

up in schizophrenia down in Parkinson's down in depression

NT: dopamine | synthesis

ventral tegmentum & SNc (midbrain)

NT: 5-HT | in disease

down in anxiety | down in depression

NT: 5-HT | synthesis

Raphe nucleus (pons)

NT: ACh | in disease

down in Alzheimer's down in Huntington's up in REM sleep

NT: ACh | synthesis

basal nucleus of Meynert

NT: GABA | in disease

down in anxiety | down in Huntington's

NT: GABA | synthesis

nucleus accumbens

locus ceruleus

stress and panic

nucleus accumbens & septal nucleus

reward center pleasure addiction fear

Three structures of b3

tight junctions btwn nonfenestrated capillary endothelial cells basement membrane astrocyte foot processes

b3 passage for glucose, aa's

slowly | carrier-mediated transport mechanism

b3 passage for nonpolar/lipid-soluble substances

rapid | diffusion

area postrema

fenestrated caps, no b3 molecules in blood affect brain function vomit after chemo

OVLT

fenestrated caps, no b3 molecules in blood affect brain function osmotic sensing

neurohypophysis

fenestrated caps, no b3 neurosecretory products enter circulation ADH release

vasogenic edema

infarction or neoplasm destroys endothelial cell tight junctions