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BPT Neurology > Neurology Revision > Flashcards

Neurology Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What are the findings of NCS for a nerve root lesion?

A

normal NCS, but denervation on EMG

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2
Q

What are the causes of foot drop?

A

L5 nerve root
common peroneal nerve
sciatic peroneal nerve component

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3
Q

What is the most common site of a common peroneal nerve palsy?

A

compression at the fibular neck

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4
Q

How can you differentiate an L5 nerve root injury from a common peroneal nerve injury?

A

L5 affects inversion and eversion whereas common peroneal is just eversion

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5
Q

What are the classic findings of a lumbosacral plexopathy (diabetic amyotrophy)?

A

pain, quadriceps wasting, EMG changes in iliopsoas, hip adductors, quads

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6
Q

Is sensory or motor usually affected first in carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

sensory then motor

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7
Q

What are the common sites of compression of the ulnar nerve?

A

elbow, palm

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8
Q

What are the common sites of compression of the radial nerve?

A

axilla, spiral groove of humerus

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9
Q

How can you differentiate a radial nerve palsy from a C7 radiculopathy?

A

a radial nerve palsy will have wrist drop but flexion is preserved

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10
Q

Which antibody is associated with multifocal motor neuropathy?

A

anti GM1

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11
Q

What are the NCS findings for multifocal motor neuropathy?

A

conduction block at non compressed sites

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12
Q

What are the NCS findings for CIDP?

A

demyelinating

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13
Q

What is the best test to diagnose myasthenia?

A

NCS - repetitive stimulation decrement or single fibre EMG ‘jitter’ in an involved muscle

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14
Q

What is the key clinical feature of myasthenia?

A

fatigability

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15
Q

What are the findings on NCS for axonal injury?

A

reduced amplitude

absent sural sensory potentials

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16
Q

What are the findings on NCS for demyelination?

A

reduced velocity
dispersion
delayed F waves
focal block (>50% drop in amplitude)

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17
Q

What are the findings on EMG for a neurogenic injury?

A

high amplitude and increased duration polyphasic units

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18
Q

What are the findings on EMG for a myopathic injury?

A

low amplitude and duration

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19
Q

What are the findings on EMG for myotonia?

A

‘dive bomber’ sound

20
Q

What are the typical features on history for GBS?

A

preceding illness
ascending weakness +/- paraesthesia
diffuse back pain

21
Q

What are the typical features on examination for GBS?

A

areflexia
symmetrical weakness
usually minimal sensory signs

22
Q

What are the CSF findings for GBS?

A

elevated protein

23
Q

What are the NCS findings for GBS?

A

prolonged/absent F waves

24
Q

What proportion of patients with GBS have anti GM-1 antibodies?

A

40-50%

25
Q

What are the features of Miller Fischer?

A

ataxia, ophthalmoplegia and areflexia

26
Q

What are the examination features of botulism?

A 
dilated pupils
ptosis, diplopia
bradycardia, hypotension
reduced reflexes
minimal/no sensory features
27
Q

What are the clinical features of porphyria?

A 
abdo pain
psychosis
seizures
descending weakness
precipitated by medications/menstrual cycle
distal sensory loss
reduced reflexes
urine discoloration when left in sunlight
28
Q

What is the management for GBS?

A

IVIG OR PLEX (equivalent but can’t do both)

29
Q

What is the treatment for a myasthenia crisis?

A

IVIG or PLEX
steroids
pyridostigmine
check for thymoma
check for other autoimmune diseases (B12, TFTs)
start long term steroid sparing agent e.g. azathioprine

30
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for a painful sensory neuropathy?

A 
diabetes
alcohol
medications
vitamin deficiency
thyroid disease
renal disease
paraprotein
vasculitis
HIV
heavy metals
paraneoplastic
31
Q

What is ‘split hand’ and what does it usually indicate?

A

wasted FDI and thenar with preserved hypothenar, usually indicates MND

32
Q

What is the management for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis?

A

IV heparin or enoxaparin followed by warfarin for 6 months

33
Q

What are the risk factors for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis?

A

inherited thrombophilia
acquired thrombophilia
local sepsis (sinusitis, mastoiditis)

34
Q

What is the main concern with alemtuzumab?

A

autoimmune complications - ITP, thyroid etc

35
Q

What is the classic presentation of optic neuritis?

A

reduced colour vision and visual acuity
eye pain on movement
onset over hours to days, recovery over weeks

36
Q

What percentage of patients with optic neuritis will have a second demyelinating episode?

A

40%

37
Q

What is the usual starting medication for focal seizures?

A

carbamazepine

38
Q

What is the usual starting medication for generalised seizures?

A

valproate

39
Q

What is the most specific sign for Bell’s palsy?

A

loss of taste

40
Q

What does anti Hu usually cause?

A

limbic encpehalitis or peripheral neuropathy

41
Q

What does anti Yo usually cause?

A

cerebellar degeneration

42
Q

What does anti GAD usually cause?

A

stiff person syndrome

43
Q

What malignancy is anti Hu associated with?

A

lung cancer

44
Q

What malignancy is anti Ma associated with?

A

testicular cancer

45
Q

What malignancy is anti Yo associated with?

A

cerebellar

46
Q

What is the classic MRI finding for CADASIL?

A

anterior temporal white matter disease

BPT Neurology (11 decks)

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