Neurology and cardiology Flashcards
Features in tetralogy of fallot
- Overriding aorta
- Pulmonary stenosis
- RV hypertrophy
- Ventricular septal defect
Factors associated with tetralogy of fallot
Genetic mutations
- Including DiGeorge syndrome
Maternal factors
- Increasing age (>40)
- Smoking, alcohol
- Infection
- Diabetes
Chest X-ray finding of tetralogy of fallot
Cœur en sabot
- Boot shaped heart
Lack of lung markings (oligaemic lung fields)
- Due to reduced pulmonary flow
Initial management of cyanotic heart disease in infant
Prostglandin E1= keep ductus arteriosus open
ECG
Definite management for transposition of great arteries
Surgery before 4 weeks.
What cardiac pathology is most commonly associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Features of a innocent murmurs
Soft, Systolic
Symptomless
Short
Situation dependent (changes with position)
_______ is the medication management used to promote PDA closure
Indomethacin
Breathing holding attacks typically happen in ages…
6-18 months
Cyanotic breath holding spells typically occurs after…
Severe distress/ crying
Reflex anoxic seizures occur in children when…
They are startled.
Visual fields develop until age…
8
Esotropia describes…
Exotropia describes…
Inward deviation of eye
Exotropia= outward deviation
Lazy eye is known as…
Amblyopia
Causes of strabismus
Cerebral palsy
Abnormal neuromuscular eye control
Hydrocephalus
Space occupying lesion
Trauma
Causes of strabismus
Cerebral palsy
Abnormal neuromuscular eye control
Hydrocephalus
Space occupying lesion
Trauma
Triad of non-accidental head injury
Bilateral subdural haemorrhages
Retinal haemorrhages
Cerebral swelling/ diffuse traumatic axonal injury
Examples of muscular dystrophies
Duchenne’s (most common)
Myotonic
Becker’s
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy is inherited via…
X-linked
Febrile convulsions typically occurs in age…
6 months- 5 years
Types of febrile convulsions
Simple (<15 minutes)
- Occurs once
Complex ( >15 minutes)
- Occurs multiple tomes
Kids with complex febrile convulsions have a ______% chance of developing epilepsy
10-20%
Management of febrile convulsions
Simple analgesia (paracetamol)
Recovery position, removing things from mouth
> 5 minutes= IV lorazepam/ buccal midazolam/ rectal diazepam
Occipital seizures give rise to…
Positive/ negative visual phenomena
Parietal lobe seizures give rise to…
Contralateral altered senstion
Types of generalised seizures
Absence
Tonic/ Tonic-Clonic
Atonic
Myoclonic
Types of generalised seizures
Absence
Tonic/ Tonic-Clonic
Atonic
Myoclonic
Examples of epilepsy mimickers
Benign sleep myoclonus
Infantile self-gratification
GORD
Reflex anoxic seizure
Syncope/ faint
Psychogenic seziures
Tics
Monitoring required in children on methylphenidate
Weight and height every 6 months and it can stunt growth
