Neurology and cardiology

Question 1

Features in tetralogy of fallot

Answer 1

1. Overriding aorta
2. Pulmonary stenosis
3. RV hypertrophy
4. Ventricular septal defect

Question 2

Factors associated with tetralogy of fallot

Answer 2

Genetic mutations
- Including DiGeorge syndrome

Maternal factors

• Increasing age (>40)
• Smoking, alcohol
• Infection
• Diabetes

Question 3

Chest X-ray finding of tetralogy of fallot

Answer 3

Cœur en sabot
- Boot shaped heart

Lack of lung markings (oligaemic lung fields)
- Due to reduced pulmonary flow

Question 4

Initial management of cyanotic heart disease in infant

Answer 4

Prostglandin E1= keep ductus arteriosus open

ECG

Question 5

Definite management for transposition of great arteries

Answer 5

Surgery before 4 weeks.

Question 6

What cardiac pathology is most commonly associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

Answer 6

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 7

Features of a innocent murmurs

Answer 7

Soft, Systolic

Symptomless

Short

Situation dependent (changes with position)

Question 8

_______ is the medication management used to promote PDA closure

Answer 8

Indomethacin

Question 9

Breathing holding attacks typically happen in ages…

Answer 9

6-18 months

Question 10

Cyanotic breath holding spells typically occurs after…

Answer 10

Severe distress/ crying

Question 11

Reflex anoxic seizures occur in children when…

Answer 11

They are startled.

Question 12

Visual fields develop until age…

Answer 12

8

Question 13

Esotropia describes…

Exotropia describes…

Answer 13

Inward deviation of eye

Exotropia= outward deviation

Question 14

Lazy eye is known as…

Answer 14

Amblyopia

Question 15

Causes of strabismus

Answer 15

Cerebral palsy

Abnormal neuromuscular eye control

Hydrocephalus

Space occupying lesion

Trauma

Question 15

Causes of strabismus

Answer 15

Cerebral palsy

Abnormal neuromuscular eye control

Hydrocephalus

Space occupying lesion

Trauma

Question 16

Triad of non-accidental head injury

Answer 16

Bilateral subdural haemorrhages

Retinal haemorrhages

Cerebral swelling/ diffuse traumatic axonal injury

Question 17

Examples of muscular dystrophies

Answer 17

Duchenne’s (most common)

Myotonic

Becker’s

Question 18

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy is inherited via…

Answer 18

X-linked

Question 19

Febrile convulsions typically occurs in age…

Answer 19

6 months- 5 years

Question 20

Types of febrile convulsions

Answer 20

Simple (<15 minutes)
- Occurs once

Complex ( >15 minutes)
- Occurs multiple tomes

Question 21

Kids with complex febrile convulsions have a ______% chance of developing epilepsy

Answer 21

10-20%

Question 22

Management of febrile convulsions

Answer 22

Simple analgesia (paracetamol)

Recovery position, removing things from mouth

> 5 minutes= IV lorazepam/ buccal midazolam/ rectal diazepam

Question 23

Occipital seizures give rise to…

Answer 23

Positive/ negative visual phenomena

Question 24

Parietal lobe seizures give rise to…

Answer 24

Contralateral altered senstion

Question 25

Types of generalised seizures

Answer 25

Absence

Tonic/ Tonic-Clonic

Atonic

Myoclonic

Question 25

Types of generalised seizures

Answer 25

Absence

Tonic/ Tonic-Clonic

Atonic

Myoclonic

Question 26

Examples of epilepsy mimickers

Answer 26

Benign sleep myoclonus

Infantile self-gratification

GORD

Reflex anoxic seizure

Syncope/ faint

Psychogenic seziures

Tics

Question 27

Monitoring required in children on methylphenidate

Answer 27

Weight and height every 6 months and it can stunt growth