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402- Paediatrics > Development and developmental disorders > Flashcards

Development and developmental disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Gross motor red flags:

  • Head control
  • Sitting unsupported
  • Standing unsupported
  • Walking
A

Head control
- 4 months

Sitting unsupported
- 9 months

Standing unsupported
- 12 months

Walking
- 18 months/ 2 years

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2
Q

Fine motor red flags:

  • Reaching for objects
  • Transferring object from hand to hand
  • Pincer grip
  • Drawing
A

Reaching for objects
- 6 months

Transfer objects hand-to-hand
- 9 months

Pincer grip
- 12 months

Drawing
- 2.5 years

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3
Q

Social development red flags

  • Smiling
  • Fear of strangers
  • Feeding self
  • Symbolic play
  • Interactive play
A

Smiling
- 8 weeks

Fear of strangers
- 10 months

Feeding self
- 18 months

Symbolic play
- 2-2.5

Interactive play
- 3-3.5

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4
Q

Speech development, red flags:

  • Polysyllabic babbling
  • Consonant babbling
  • Knowledge of 6 words
  • Joining words to phrases
  • 3-word sentence
A

Polysyllabic babbling
- 7 months

Consonant babbling
- 10 months

6 words
- 18 months

Words to phrases
- 2 years

3-word sentence
- 2.5 years

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5
Q

Cerebral palsy definition

A
  • Non-progressive
  • Postural and movement disorder
  • Caused by an acquired insult to the brain before the age of 3.
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6
Q

Cerebral palsy causes

  • Maternal factors
  • Foetal factors
A

Maternal

  • Infection
  • Smoking/ alcohol/ drugs
  • Pre-eclampsia/ eclampsia
  • Vascular ischaemia
  • Multiple gestation
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7
Q

Cerebral palsy causes

- Foetal factors (prenatal, perinatal)

A

Pre-natal

  • Genetic mutation
  • Metabolic disorders
  • Congenital brain malformations

Perinatal

  • pre-term
  • hypoxia
  • head insult
  • infection
  • traumatic birth, hypoglycaemia, raised bilirubin
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8
Q

Cerebral palsy prevalence

A

2-3.5 in 1000.

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9
Q

Cerebral palsy types [4]

A

Spastic

  • Hypertonia
  • Brisk reflexes
  • Muscle atrophy and low power

Ataxia (cerebellar disease)
- DANISH

Dyskinetic

  • Slow reflexes
  • Low muscle power
  • Changes in muscle tone

Mixed

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10
Q

Investigations for cerebral palsy

A

Brain MRI

Muscle function

Genetic screens

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11
Q

Differential for cerebral palsy

A

Muscular dystrophy

Spinal muscular atrophy

Brain tumour

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12
Q

Causes of global developmental delay

A

Genetic syndromes

  • Down’s syndrome
  • Fragile X syndrome
  • Fetal-alcohol syndrome
  • Rett syndrome
  • Metabolic disorders

Cerebral palsy

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13
Q

Causes of gross motor delay

A
  • Cerebral palsy
  • Myopathy
  • Spina bifida
  • Visual impairment
  • Ataxia
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14
Q

Causes of fine motor delay

A
  • Cerebral palsy
  • Muscular dystrophy
  • Dyspraxia
  • Visual impairment
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15
Q

Causes of Language delay

A
  • Hearing impairment
  • Social circumstances: multiple languages, siblings
  • Autism
  • Cerebral palsy
  • Neglect.
  • Learning disability
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16
Q

Causes of social delay

A
  • Autism
  • Emotional and social neglect
  • Parenting problems.
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17
Q

Risk factors for learning disabilities

A
  • Family history

- Environmental: abuse, neglect, psychological trauma

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18
Q

Associations with learning disabilities

A
  • Epilepsy
  • Autism
  • Genetic syndromes: Down’s syndrome
  • Perinatal complications: prematurity, hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy.
  • Childhood infections: i.e. meningitis
  • Antenatal syndrome: fetal-alcohol syndrome, maternal chickenpox.
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19
Q

Assessment of learning disability

A

IQ test

  • 55-70 = mild
  • 40-55 = moderate
  • 25- 40= severe
  • < 25= profound.
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20
Q

Posterior fontanelles close _____ after birth

A

2-3 months

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21
Q

The anterior fontanelle closes around _______ after birth

A

18 months

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22
Q

The moro reflex disappears ____ after birth

A

3-6 months

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23
Q

The babinski reflex disappears roughly ______ after birth

A

12 months (when corticospinal tract is myelinated)

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24
Q

Gross motor features in a 6-week old baby

A

Can lift head 45 degrees when on tummy

Can stabilise head when seated supported.

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25
Q

Fine motor features in a 6-week old baby

A

Track objects/ face

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26
Q

Speech/language motor features in a 6-week old baby

A

Startles to loud noise

27
Q

Social features in a 6-week old baby

A

Social smiling

28
Q

Gross motor features in a 6-month old baby

A

Sitting unsupported, rounded back

Rolls from tummy to back

29
Q

Fine motor features in a 6-month old baby

A

Palmar grasp (5m)

Transfer objects from hand to hand

30
Q

Speech/ language features in a 6-month old baby

A

Turns head to loud noise

Understands bye/bye, no (7m)

Monosyllabic babbling

31
Q

Social features in a 6-month old baby

A

Puts objects to mouth

Shakes rattle

Reaches for bottle/ breast

32
Q

Gross motor features in a 9-month old baby

A

Sits unsupported, straight back (7.5m)

Stands when holding

33
Q

Fine motor features in a 9-month old baby

A

Inferior pincer grip (10m)

Object permanence (peek-a-boo)

34
Q

Speech/ language features in a 9-month old baby

A

Responds to own name

Imitates adult sounds

35
Q

Social features in a 9-month old baby

A

Stranger fear (6-9 months to 2 years)

Holds and bites food

36
Q

Gross motor features in a 1-year old baby

A

Walking

37
Q

Causes of delayed walking

A

Duchenne’s MD

Hip abnormalities (dysplasia)

Cerebral palsy

38
Q

Fine motor features in a 1-year-old child

A

Neat pincer grip (10 m)

Throwing bricks (stop by 18 months).

Bricks- tower of 2

39
Q

Speech/language features in a 1-year child

A

Understand nouns

3 words

Points to own body parts (13m)

40
Q

Social features in a 1-year old child

A

Waves bye bye

Hand clapping

Plays alone near familiar person

Drinks from beaker with lid

41
Q

Gross-motor features in a 18-month-old child

A

Runs (16m)

Jumps

42
Q

Fine-motor features in a 18-month-old child

A

Draws line to-and-fro

Brick tower of 4

43
Q

Speech/language features in a 18-month-old child

A

6 different words

44
Q

Social features in a 18-month-old child

A

Imitates everyday activities

45
Q

Gross-motor features in a 2-year-old, 2.5 years child

A

Runs, tiptoes

Walks upstairs using both feet

Throws ball at shoulder level

  1. 5
    - Kicks ball
46
Q

Fine-motor features in a 2-year-old, 2.5 years child

A

Draws vertical line
- Horizontal line (2.5)

Brick tower of 8

Puzzles

Turns several pages of book

47
Q

Speech/language features in a 2-year-old, 2.5 years child

A

Understands verbs
- Understand prepositions (2.5)

2-words join together
- 3-4 (2.5 years)

Vocab for 50+ words

48
Q

Social features in a 2-2.5 year old child

A

Eats with a spoon (2.5 yrs)

49
Q

Gross-motor features in a 3-3.5 year-old child

A

Hops on one foot for 3 steps

Walks upstairs, one foot per step
- Downstairs two feet per step

50
Q

Fine-motor features in a 3-3.5 year-old child

A

Draws circle

Brick: bridge/ train

Cut using scissors–> single cut
- Into pieces (3.5)

Griffith beads

Turns one page of book at a time

51
Q

Speech/language features in a 3-3.5 year-old child

A

Understands negatives and adjectives

- Understands comparatives (3.5)

52
Q

Social features in a 3-3.5 year-old child

A

Share toys with friends

Plays without parents

Eats with fork, spoon

Bowel control

53
Q

Gross-motor features in a 4 year-old child

A

Walks up and downstairs in adult manner

54
Q

Fine-motor features in a 4-5 year-old child

A

Drawing

  • Cross
  • Square (4.5)
  • Triangle (5)

Brick

  • 12 block tower
  • Steps
  • Big steps (5 years)

Cutting + beads

  • Cuts paper in half
  • Small beads
55
Q

Speech/ language features in a 4 year-old child

A

Understands complex instructions (2-step)

Uses complex narrative/ sequences

56
Q

Scoial features in a 4 year-old child

A

Sympathy/ concern for others if hurt

Has best friend

Dressing and undressing

Eating without little help
- Handles knife (5)

Bladder control (4.5)

Imaginative play (4.5-5)

57
Q

Red flag for saying clear words

A

18 months

58
Q

Red flag for running

A

4 years

59
Q

Red flag for hand dominance

A

If <1

60
Q

Red flag for point/ showing interest

A

By 1 year.

61
Q

Features of fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Small eye opening (palpebral fissure)

Absent philtrum (flat nose)

Thin upper lip

62
Q

Features of down syndrome

A

Hypotonia

Facial: epicanthal folds

Co-morbidites: thyroid, congenital heart defect, hearing

Single palmar crease, sandal gap between toes

63
Q

Fragile X features

A

Macroencephaly

402- Paediatrics (15 decks)

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