ENT

Question 1

Most common source of bleeding in epistaxis is from ________

Answer 1

The Kiesselbach’s complex

- Contains arterial anastomoses

Question 2

Causes epistaxis

Answer 2

Nose picking

URTIs

Sinusitis

Trauma

Changes in weather

SCC

Question 3

Initial management of nose bleeds

Answer 3

Head tilted forward, pinch soft part of nostril

- 10-15 mins

Question 4

Indications for hospital admissions in epistaxis

Answer 4

Bleeding >15 minutes

Bilateral bleeding/ severe blood loss

Haemodynamically stable

Question 5

Treatment of severe nosebleeds

Answer 5

1. Nasal packing
   - Nasal tampons
2. Nasal cautery
   - Silver nitrate sticks

Question 6

______ is given as a follow-up treatment for severe epistaxis

Answer 6

Naseptin nasal cream (chlorhexidine and neomycin)

- QDS 10 days

Question 7

Naseptin is contraindicated in…

Answer 7

Peanut and soy allergy

Question 8

Tongue tie is also known as _______

Answer 8

Ankyloglossia

Question 9

Tongue tie is caused by _______

Answer 9

A short and tight frenulum

Question 10

Presentation of tongue tie

Answer 10

Difficulty in latching breast

Poor weight gain/ failure to thrive

Question 11

Tongue tie affecting feeding can be managed with a _______

Answer 11

Frenotomy

- incision of tongue tie

Question 12

Branchial cyst is most commonly caused by _______

Answer 12

Persistence of the second branchial cleft

Question 13

A cyst is a _______

Answer 13

Cavity lined by epithelium, with no connections

Question 14

Features of a branchial cyst

• Site + shape
• Consistency
• Tenderness

Answer 14

Oval cyst in anterior traingle

- Soft and painless

Question 15

Complications of a branchial cyst

Answer 15

In larger cysts

• Dysphagia
• Dyspnoea
• Stridor

Question 16

Initial investigation for branchial cyst

Answer 16

Ultrasound

Question 17

A branchial cyst connected via a tract to the outer skin surface is a _______

Answer 17

Branchial cleft sinus

Question 18

A branchial cyst connected via a tract to the oropharynx is a _______

Answer 18

Branchial pouch sinus

Question 19

A branchial fistula connects ________ to _______ via ________

Answer 19

Oropharynx to skin surface via branchial cyst

Question 20

During development, the thyroid starts from the _______ before travelling downwards to the neck

Answer 20

Foramen cecum

Question 21

______ is the most common congenital mid-line mass

Answer 21

Thyroglossal cyst

Question 22

______ is the most common congenital mid-line mass

Answer 22

Thyroglossal cyst

Question 23

Features of a thyroglossal cyst

• Location + shape
• Tenderness
• Mobility

Answer 23

Midline, symmetrical cyst

Painless, mobile

Question 24

_____ cyst moves upwards when protruding the tongue and swalloing

Answer 24

Thyroglossal

Question 25

Which blood test must be carried out in suspected thyroglossal cyst

Answer 25

TFTs

- Excludes thyroid gland pathology

Question 26

The surgical procedure for thyroglossal cyst resection is called the ________

Answer 26

Sistrunk procedure

- Removes cyst thyroglossal duct and central hyoid bone.

Question 27

Cystic hygroma is caused by _______

Answer 27

Proliferation of lymphatic tissue

Question 28

Complications of cystic hygroma

Answer 28

Compression of mediastinal structures
- Chest pain, cough, dyspnoea

Airway compromise

Infection

Chylothorax/ pericardium

Question 29

Cystic hygromas typically present whe?

Answer 29

At birth/ within first 2 years of life.

Question 30

Features of a cystic hygroma

• Location + shape
• Tenderness
• Mobility
• other features

Answer 30

Painless cyst in posterior triangle

• Typically on the left
• Cannot be moved laterally

Transilluminates

Question 31

Treatment options for cystic hygroma

Answer 31

Aspiration

Resection

Injection of sclerosing agent