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Fourth Year > Neurology - Anatomy > Flashcards

Neurology - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neurone?

A
  • Functional unit of the nervous system.
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2
Q

What is the function of a neurone?

A
  • Processes information and communicates between cells & regions of the nervous system.
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3
Q

What are glia?

A
  • Cells of the nervous system.
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4
Q

What is the function of glia?

A
  • Provide structural and functional support.

- Maintain optimal environment for neuronal function.

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5
Q

Central nervous system is comprised of?

A

Brain and spinal cord.

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6
Q

Peripheral nervous system is comprised of?

A
  • Spinal nerves.
  • Cranial nerves.
  • Autonomic nerves.
  • Associated ganglia (clusters of neuronal cell bodies).
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7
Q

Functionally, the nervous system is divided into?

A
  • Autonomic.

- Somatic.

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8
Q

The somatic nervous system is responsible for?

A
  • Conscious and unconscious sensation.

- Voluntary movement.

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9
Q

What are the two types of neuronal pathways in the somatic nervous system?

A
  • Afferent.

- Efferent.

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10
Q

Function of afferent pathways of the somatic nervous system?

A

Relay sensory input from the body to the brain.

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11
Q

Function of efferent pathways of the somatic nervous system?

A

Relay motor output from the brain to the muscles.

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12
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Provides autonomic and unconscious control of viscera and homeostasis.

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13
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Sympathetic.

- Parasympathetic.

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14
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Fight or flight response.

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15
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Maintains steady state behaviours.

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16
Q

Name some effects of stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.

A

Any of the following: tachycardia, hypertension, vasoconstriction, direction of blood to voluntary muscles, bronchorelaxation, decreased gut motility / ingestion / excretion, pupil dilation, saliva inhibition, lacrimation inhibition, bladder relaxation and reduced micturition.

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17
Q

Name some effects of stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system.

A

Any of the following: reduced HR, BP, direction of blood to gut, bronchoconstriction, increased gut motility, excretion of ingested food, pupillary constriction, saliva stimulation, lacrimation stimulation, bladder constriction and increased micturition.

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18
Q

Name the basic subdivisions of the brain (4).

A
  • Cerebrum (i.e. cerebral hemispheres).
  • Diencephalon (thalamus + hypothalamus).
  • Brainstem.
  • Cerebellum.
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19
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum (broad)?

A
  • Controls information - flow, acquisition, integration and association, decision making and expression of responses.
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20
Q

Name the four lobes of a cerebral hemisphere.

A
  • Frontal.
  • Temporal.
  • Parietal.
  • Occipital.
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21
Q

Function of the frontal lobe?

A
  • Motor function.

- Higher cognition (i.e. thought processing).

22
Q

Function of the parietal lobe?

A
  • Sensory function.
23
Q

Function of the temporal lobe?

A
  • Language.
  • Learning.
  • Memory.
  • Emotional interpretation.
  • Auditory processing.
  • Olfaction.
  • Gustation.
24
Q

Function of the occipital lobe?

A
  • Interpretation of visual stimuli.
25
Q

Where does the limbic system lie?

A

Deep within cerebral hemispheres.

26
Q

Function of the limbic system?

A
  • Learning.
  • Memory formation.
  • Spatial perception.
  • Emotional control.
27
Q

Where is the insula found?

A

Behind the lateral sulcus.

28
Q

Which lobes regulate emotional control?

A

Frontal, temporal and insula.

29
Q

What is grey matter?

A
  • Outermost layer of cerebrum i.e. cortex.

- Contains cell bodies of cerebral neurones and glia.

30
Q

What is white matter?

A
  • Inner region of each cerebral hemisphere.
  • Contains axonal projections from neurones.
  • Houses subcortical pathways containing deep cortical nuclei e.g. basal ganglia and forebrain nuclei.
31
Q

What are nuclei in relation to neurones?

A

Clusters of functionally related neurones.

32
Q

What are primary/ secondary cortices?

A

Areas of cortex with one specific function e.g. primary motor cortex, secondary visual cortex.

33
Q

What are integration cortices?

A

Areas of cortex with more than one specific function .

34
Q

The diencephalon is made up of?

A
  • Thalamus.

- Hypothalamus.

35
Q

Function of the thalamus?

A
  • Integrates and transmits information on movement and sensation.
  • Hub for incoming activity from spinal cord and brainstem and outgoing from cerebrum.
36
Q

Function of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Responsible for autonomic functions maintaining optimal homeostasis (thermoregulation, appetite, thirst).
  • Drives rapid survival mechanisms e.g. fight or flight.
37
Q

Where does the hypothalamus receive information from?

A
  • Nervous system.

- Substances circulating in blood and CSF.

38
Q

How does the hypothalamus carry out its functions?

A

Transmits information to brainstem and spinal cord to control organ activity.

39
Q

Name the components of the brainstem.

A
  • Midbrain.
  • Pons.
  • Medulla.
40
Q

Function of the brainstem?

A
  • Site of major control centres for bodily functions e.g. respiration, circulation.
  • Main production site of several neurotransmitters.
  • Controls info flow to and from cerebrum.
  • Responsible for maintaining consciousness and arousal levels.
41
Q

The brainstem contains what?

A
  • Most of the CNs controlling head and neck.
42
Q

The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by?

A

Three pairs of cerebellar peduncles.

43
Q

Function of the cerebellum?

A
  • Coordinates and fine tunes movement (along with basal ganglia).
  • Role in procedural memory e.g. complex motor skills.
44
Q

Damage to the cerebellum results in?

A

Inability to coordinate motor function e.g. slurred speech (dysarthria) or ataxic gait.

45
Q

How many segments form the spinal cord?

A

31 - cervical (8), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), Sacral (5), coccygeal (1).

46
Q

Spasticity is more pronounced in which muscle groups?

A

Extensor muscles.

47
Q

What signs may be observed from a patient to indicate spasticity of the extensor muscles of lower limbs?

A
  • Stiff, effortful, slow walking.
  • Scuffed toes of shoes (due to catching feet on level ground).
  • Shortened pace, narrow base.
  • Clonus may be observed.
48
Q

What is clonus?

A

Involuntary extensor rhythmic leg jerking.

49
Q

What is spasticity?

A

The involuntary contraction of muscles - more pronounced in extensors.

50
Q

Describe unilateral spasticity with marked weakness in the lower limbs, associated with hemiparesis.

A

The stiff, weak leg is circumducted and drags.

Fourth Year (28 decks)

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