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Cognitive Communication > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Neurology?

A

Branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, physiology (function), and disorders of the nervous system

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2
Q

Cell Anatomy:

Name parts of a cell

A
  • Dendrites
  • Cell body/Soma
  • Axon
  • Nodes of Ranvier
  • Terminal button
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3
Q

Dendrites

A

receptor branches on cell body

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4
Q

Cell body/Soma

A
  • contains DNA
    • * “Ganglia” - clusters of cell bodies in PNS
    • * “Nuclei” clusters of cell bodies in CNS
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5
Q

Axon

A
  • Transmits electrical impulses from cell body to terminal buttons
  • covered in a myelin sheath
  • “Tract” = bundle of axons in CNS
  • “Nerve” = bundle of axons in the PNS
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6
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps in myelination on axon

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7
Q

Terminal button

A

contains synaptic vesicles

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8
Q

Ganglia

A

clusters of cell bodies in PNS

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9
Q

Nuclei

A

clusters of cell bodies in CNS

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10
Q

Tract

A

bundle of axons in the CNS

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11
Q

Nerve

A

bundle of axons in PNS

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12
Q

2 main types of cells

A
  • Glial cells
  • Neurons
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13
Q

Function of Glial cells

A

supports cell function

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14
Q

Function of Neurons

A

Communication

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15
Q

Types of Neurons

A
  • Sensory neurons (receptors)
  • Interneurons
  • Motor neurons (effectors)
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16
Q

Function and types of

Sensory Neurons (receptors)

A
  • Function: transmits sensory info into nervous system
  • Examples:
    • Chemoreceptors: chemicals
    • Thermoreceptors: temperature
    • Mechanoreceptors: force/pressure
    • Photoreceptors: light during vision
    • Baroreceptors: changes in blood pressure
    • Proprioceptors: position
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17
Q

Function of Interneurons

A

makes connections between sensory and motor neurons

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18
Q

Function of

Motor Neurons (effectors)

A
  • receives excitation from other cells and sends impulses (signal transmission)
    • instructs muscles to contract or glands to secrete
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19
Q

Explain cellular communication

A

Information is transmitted into the nervous system by the conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy and then back into electrical energy.

  1. Electrical energy moves within the neuron from the body to the axon
  2. The electrical signal is converted to a chemical signal at the synaptic cleft between cells.
    1. Neurotransmitters are biomechanical compounds that help neurons communicate, acting as messengers between them.
  3. Neurotransmitters move from one cell to the receptor site on the post synaptic membrane, resulting in a change in electrical current across the cell membrane
    1. The change in electrical value is known as an action potential
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20
Q

Divisions of the Nervous System and their components

A
  • Central Nervous System (CNS)
    • includes brain & spinal cord
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves & ganglia (cell bodies outside of CNS
    • includes :
      • Somatic Nervous System
      • Autonomic Nervous system
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21
Q

Name meninges

of the brain

A
  • Meninges (outer coverings)
    • Dura Mater
    • Arachnoid Membrane
    • Pia Mater
  • Between arachnoid & pia mater is the subarachnoid space which contains blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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22
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Function

A

cleans and protects the brain and spinal cord by

circulating throughout the ventricles

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23
Q

Name the Ventricles

in the brain

A
  • Two lateral ventricles
  • Third ventricle
  • Fourth Ventricle
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24
Q

4 Main Components

of the Brain

A
  • Cerebrum (lobes)
  • Cerebellum
  • Subcortical structures
  • Brainstem
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25
Q

Cerebrum

components

A
  • Gray matter - densely packed cell bodies in the cortex which give the gray appearance.
    • other regions of gray matter: Thalamus, spinal cord, etc.
  • White matter - axons that are wrapped in myelin, giving a whitish appearance
  • Two Hemispheres (right and left)
    • Lobes:
      • Frontal
      • Temporal
      • Parietal
      • Occipital
      • Insula (underneath)
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26
Q

Cerebrum:

Lateralization

A

When a function is primarily controlled by one hemisphere versus the other.

  • speech and language are thought to be controlled by the left hemisphere in about 95% of people
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27
Q

Cerebrum:

Specialization

A

When certain brain regions serve distinct functions

  • ex. Frontal lobe is specialized for executive function
28
Q

Frontal Lobe Main Functions

A

Main functions:

  • control for movement
  • planning
  • initiation
  • judgement
  • reasoning
  • concentration
  • disinhibition of behaviors
  • adaption to change
  • emotional response
29
Q

Parts of

Frontal Lobe

A
  • Primary Motor Cortex
    • contains motor neurons that send signals to execute movement
    • motor neurons are arranged in a somatotopic fashion
    • disproportionate number of neurons devoted to control of structures which SLPs are most concerned
  • Premotor Cortex (including Supplementary motor area)
    • Plans movement
    • Also includes Broca’s area (left frontal lobe) - significant representation for speech
  • Prefrontal Cortex
    • Executive function (attention, inhibition, flexibility, working memory, problem solving, etc.)
30
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

location & function

A

Location: Frontal lobe

Function: contains motor neurons that send signals to execute movement

  • arranged in somatotopic fashion (specific part of body is associated with distinct location)
  • disproportionate number of neurons devoted to control of structures with which SLPs are most concerned
31
Q

Premotor Cortex

Location & Function

A

Location: Frontal Lobe includes supplementary motor area

Function: Plans movement

  • includes Broca’s area (left frontal lobe)
  • significant representation for speech
32
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

Location & Function

A

Location: Frontal Lobe

Function: Executive function (attention, inhibition, flexibility, working memory, problem solving, etc.)

33
Q

Temporal Lobe Main Functions

A

Main functions:

  • Hearing ability
  • Memory acquisition
  • Visual Perceptions
  • Categoriztion of objects
34
Q

Temporal Lobe Components

A
  • Primary & secondary auditory cortices
    • Function: Auditory sensation & perception
  • Wernicke’s area (left lobe)
    • Auditory comprehension of language
35
Q

Primary and Secondary

Auditory Cortices

location & function

A

Location: Temporal Lobe

Function: Auditory sensation and perception

36
Q

Wernicke’s Area

location & function

A

Location: Temporal Lobe (Left lobe)

Function: Auditory comprehension of language

37
Q

Parietal Lobe Main Functions

A

Main functions:

  • receives and evaluates most sensory information
    • touch, pressure, pain, temperature & taste
38
Q

Parietal Lobe Components

A
  • Primary Somatosensory Cortex
  • Posterior Parietal Complex
39
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex Location & Function

A

Location: Parietal Lobe

Functions:

  • responds to touch/pain stimuli from body
  • sensory neurons are arranged in a somatotopic fashion
40
Q

Posterior Parietal Complex

Location & Function

A

Location: Parietal Lobe

Function:

  • integrates sensory stimuli to create complex experiences
    • “association” cortex - associates different types of sensory stimuli to direct action plans based on that info.
    • Ex. Object recognition in the hand
      • Damage = agnosia, inability to recognize objects
  • Areas involved in high-level langauge
    • Angular gyrus = higher-order language such as math
    • Supramarginal gyrus = word meanings with action patterns (i.e. whistling).
41
Q

What areas are involved in high-level language?

A

Angular gyrus

  • higher order language such as math

Supramarginal gyrus

  • word meanings with action patterns (i.e. “whistling”)
  • Both located in Parietal lobe - Posterier Parietal Complex*
42
Q

Occipital Lobe Main Functions

A

Main functions:

  • visual processing
  • help with visual associations
43
Q

Insula Functions

A
  • sometimes referred to as the “5th lobe”
  • Functions:
    • not fully described in the literature yet
    • sensory & motor, related to speech and language
44
Q

Cerebellum Functions & Components

A
  • Parts -
    • Two hemispheres & 3 lobes
  • Main functions:
    • Receives movement info from cortex
    • Analyzes body movement & compares it to what is needed to accomplish task, then coordinates correction of movements (if needed)
      • balance
      • Executing coordinated movements
45
Q

Subcortical Structures Main Functions & Parts

A

Main Functions & Parts:

  • Thalamus - Processes sensory information, then relays it to the cerebral cortex
  • Hypothalamus - regulates endocrine functions (hormones)
    • has connections to the thalamus, reticular fomation, cerebral cortex, limbic system, olfactory bulb, & midbrain
  • Pituitary gland - “master gland”; controlling secretions from thyroid, adrenal gland, ovaries & testes
  • Hippocampus - recent working memory, inhibiting an unsuccessful action
  • Amygdala - forming and storing memories associated with emotional events
  • Basal ganglia - receives info from cortex, processes it, and sends back to cortex via Thalamus of motor control
46
Q

Brainstem Function & Components

A

Function:

  • connects brain to spinal cord

Main Components:

  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla
47
Q

Midbrain Location & Function

A

Location: Brainstem

Function:

  • superior colliculus: vision
  • Inferior colliculus: hearing
  • Nuclei for oculomotor & trochlear cranial nerves; eye movement & sensation
  • Substantia nigra: produces neurotransmitter dopamine; reward center
48
Q

Pons Location & Function

A

Location: Brain stem

Functions:

  • Nuclei for trigeminal, abducens, facial & vestibulocochlear cranial nerves
  • Bridge for cerebellum
  • Part of reticular activating formation; helps control breathing and sleep (alertness & arousal)
49
Q

Medulla Location, Functions & Parts

A

Location: Brainstem

Functions:

  • Part of Reticular activating formation: overall arousal and sleep

Parts:

  • Ascending & Descending tracts
  • Nuclei for glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal cranial nerves
50
Q

Sections of

Spinal Cord

A
  • Cervical - 8 Cervical nerves
  • Thoracic - 12 Thoracic Nerves
  • Lumbar - 5 Lumbar Nerves
  • Sacral - 5 Sacral Nerves
  • Coccygeal - 1 nerve
51
Q

Spinal Cord Components & Functions

A
  • Meninges - protective layers
  • Ventral & Dorsal roots
    • Dorsal - sensory info
    • Ventral - motor info
  • Doral root ganglia (collection of cell bodies)
  • Gray and white matter
  • Variation of details throughout the spinal cord, but not essential features
52
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Divisions & Functions

A

Function:

  • connects CNS to the rest of the body
  • made up of motor (efferent) & sensory (afferent) nerves

Divisions & their Functions:

  • Somatic Nervous System
    • voluntary control (e.g. control of muscle movement)
  • Autonomic Nervous System
    • involuntary control (e.g. heart rate, digestion)
53
Q

Efferent Nerves

A

Motor (efferent) nerves: from CNS to body

54
Q

Afferent Nerves

A

Sensory (afferent) nerves: sensory receptors in body to CNS

55
Q

Nervous System Communication

A

Communication between one area of the nervous system to another happens via:

  • Tracts: collection of axons in CNS
  • Nerves collection of axons in PNS
56
Q

Tracts

A

collection of axons in the CNS

57
Q

Nerves

A

collection of axons in the PNS

58
Q

CNS Tracts

A
  • Association
  • Sriatal
  • Commissural
  • Descending projection tracts
    • Corticobulbar
    • Corticospinal
    • Corticothalamic
  • Ascending projection tracts
    • Posterior column/medial lemniscus
    • Anterolateral
    • Thalamocortical
59
Q

CNS TRACT:

Association Tracts

A

Intrahemispheric, both within and between lobes

60
Q

CNS TRACTS:

STRIATAL TRACTS

A

From cortex to basal ganglia (principally to caudate and putamen) and from cortex to subthalamic nucleus

61
Q

CNS TRACTS:

Commissural Tracts

A

Interhemispheric, from specific area of one hemisphere to similar area of the other hemisphere

62
Q

CNS TRACTS:

Descending Projection Tracts

A
  • Corticobulbar - motor cortex to cell groups in brain stem
  • Corticospinal - Motor cortex to cell groups in spinal cord
  • Corticothalamic - Widespread regions of the cortex to cell groups in the thalamus
63
Q

CNS TRACTS:

Ascending Projection Tracts

A
  • Posterior column/medial lemniscus - spinal cord to brainstem nuclei and thalamus
  • Anterolateral - Spinal cord to thalamus
  • Thalamocortical - cell groups in the thalamus to widespread regions of the cortex
64
Q

PNS Nerves

A
  • Cranial nerves (except optic)
    • remember: their nuclei (cell bodies) are in the CNS
    • 10 cranial nerves originate in brainstem
    • 2 originate in the cerebrum (olfactory & optic)
  • Spinal nerves (and their roots & branches)
    • 31 paired spinal nerves
65
Q

Cerebral Blood Flow Components

A

Two arterial systems :

  • Carotid Arteries (anterior circulation)
    • Internal carotid arteries ( Left & right branches)
      • Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)
      • Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)
      • Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA)
    • External carotid arteries (Left & Right branches)
  • Vertebral Arteries (posterior circulation)
66
Q

CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW:

CIRCLE OF WILLIS

A

Cognitive Communication (11 decks)

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