Neurology Flashcards
definition of the central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
definition of the peripheral nervous system
spinal cord to effector
what type of movement does the somatic nervous system control?
voluntary
what two nervous system types are within the PNS?
somatic- voluntary
autonomic- involuntary
what are the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
controls involuntary movement
1) . Parasympathetic
2) . Sympathetic
3) . Enteric
what is within white matter?
neuronal axons covered with myelin (myelin sheaths help the impulses travel faster)
what is within the gray matter?
neuronal cell bodies
PNS: called ganglia
CNS: called nuclei (except basal ganglia)
what are the four regions of the brain?
cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem
what 7 things are included within the cerebrum?
4 lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
basal ganglia
limbic system
ventricles
what is the frontal lobe associated with?
reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions and problem solving
what is the parietal lobe associated with?
movement, orientation, recognition, and perception of stimuli
what is the occipital lobe associated with?
visual processing
what is the temporal lobe associated with?
perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech
what does the basal ganglia do?
it is subcortical nuclei (under the cerebral cortex) that is primarily responsible for motor control (receive information from the cortex, transmit it to the motor centers, and return it to the part of the cerebral cortex that is in charge of motion planning)
*also motor learning, executive functions, behaviors, emotions
what does the limbic system do?
deals with emotions and memory
- regulates autonomic or endocrine function in response to emotional stimuli
- reinforcing behavior
what are the two parts of the diencephalon?
thalamus and hypothalamus
what does the thalamus do?
sensory processing to and from the other parts of the brain (cerebral cortex to subcortical areas)
what does the hypothalamus do?
takes care of all the automatic processes (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
plus homeostasis
what is the cerebellum responsible for?
coordination of movement, planning, execution of movement, posture, head and eye movements
where does the cerebellum receive sensory information from? where does it receive motor info from? it balances information from where?
- sensory info from spinal cord
- motor info from cerebral cortex
- balances info from inner ear
how many cranial nerves originate from the brainstem?
10 out of 12
what does the brainstem do?
it controls autonomic action and reticular activating system (activation of awake, desynchronized cortical EEG patterns)
what are the three parts of the brainstem?
midbrain, pons, and medulla (in order)
where does the spinal cord start and end?
starts at medulla and ends at the 2nd or 3rd lumbar vertebra
how many vertebrae are in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal sections of the spinal cord?
cervical- C1 to C8 Thoracic- T1 to T12 Lumbar- L1 to L5 Sacral- S1 to S5 Coccygeal is fused
what is the cauda equina of the spinal cord?
vertebral column is longer than the spinal cord so nerves fan out at the bottom to reach their exit at the correct vertebral interspace
