Neurology

Question 1

definition of the central nervous system

Answer 1

brain and spinal cord

Question 2

definition of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 2

spinal cord to effector

Question 3

what type of movement does the somatic nervous system control?

Answer 3

voluntary

Question 4

what two nervous system types are within the PNS?

Answer 4

somatic- voluntary

autonomic- involuntary

Question 5

what are the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 5

controls involuntary movement

1) . Parasympathetic
2) . Sympathetic
3) . Enteric

Question 6

what is within white matter?

Answer 6

neuronal axons covered with myelin (myelin sheaths help the impulses travel faster)

Question 7

what is within the gray matter?

Answer 7

neuronal cell bodies
PNS: called ganglia
CNS: called nuclei (except basal ganglia)

Question 8

what are the four regions of the brain?

Answer 8

cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem

Question 9

what 7 things are included within the cerebrum?

Answer 9

4 lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
basal ganglia
limbic system
ventricles

Question 10

what is the frontal lobe associated with?

Answer 10

reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions and problem solving

Question 11

what is the parietal lobe associated with?

Answer 11

movement, orientation, recognition, and perception of stimuli

Question 12

what is the occipital lobe associated with?

Answer 12

visual processing

Question 13

what is the temporal lobe associated with?

Answer 13

perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech

Question 14

what does the basal ganglia do?

Answer 14

it is subcortical nuclei (under the cerebral cortex) that is primarily responsible for motor control (receive information from the cortex, transmit it to the motor centers, and return it to the part of the cerebral cortex that is in charge of motion planning)
*also motor learning, executive functions, behaviors, emotions

Question 15

what does the limbic system do?

Answer 15

deals with emotions and memory

• regulates autonomic or endocrine function in response to emotional stimuli
• reinforcing behavior

Question 16

what are the two parts of the diencephalon?

Answer 16

thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 17

what does the thalamus do?

Answer 17

sensory processing to and from the other parts of the brain (cerebral cortex to subcortical areas)

Question 18

what does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 18

takes care of all the automatic processes (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
plus homeostasis

Question 19

what is the cerebellum responsible for?

Answer 19

coordination of movement, planning, execution of movement, posture, head and eye movements

Question 20

where does the cerebellum receive sensory information from? where does it receive motor info from? it balances information from where?

Answer 20

• sensory info from spinal cord
• motor info from cerebral cortex
• balances info from inner ear

Question 21

how many cranial nerves originate from the brainstem?

Answer 21

10 out of 12

Question 22

what does the brainstem do?

Answer 22

it controls autonomic action and reticular activating system (activation of awake, desynchronized cortical EEG patterns)

Question 23

what are the three parts of the brainstem?

Answer 23

midbrain, pons, and medulla (in order)

Question 24

where does the spinal cord start and end?

Answer 24

starts at medulla and ends at the 2nd or 3rd lumbar vertebra

Question 25

how many vertebrae are in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal sections of the spinal cord?

Answer 25

cervical- C1 to C8
Thoracic- T1 to T12
Lumbar- L1 to L5
Sacral- S1 to S5
Coccygeal is fused

Question 26

what is the cauda equina of the spinal cord?

Answer 26

vertebral column is longer than the spinal cord so nerves fan out at the bottom to reach their exit at the correct vertebral interspace