Neurology Flashcards
1
Q
Permanent Nerve Cell
A
Neuron
2
Q
Non-permanent Nerve Cell
A
Neuroglia/Glial Cells/Supporting Cells
3
Q
More numerous: Neurons or Glial Cells?
A
Glial Cells (10:1 ratio)
4
Q
Produces CSF
A
Ependymal Cells
5
Q
Macrophage of the Brain
A
Microglia
6
Q
Regulate ECF ion levels; Provide mechanical support; Part of BBB
A
Astrocyte
7
Q
Creates myelin in the CNS
A
Oligodendrocytes
8
Q
Creates myelin in the PNS
A
Schwann Cells
9
Q
Brain tumors from non-mature neurons
A
NeuroblastomaRetinoblastoma
10
Q
Receiving portion of the Neuron
A
Dendrites, Cell Body
11
Q
Where Action Potential is initiated
A
Axon Hillock
12
Q
Function of Myelin Sheath
A
Insulator
13
Q
Unmyelinated portions of the axon
A
Nodes of Ranvier
14
Q
Branches of the Axons
A
Neural Fibrils
15
Q
Terminal portion of a neural fibril that contains NT-containing vesicles
A
Axon Terminal (Boutons/End Feet)
16
Q
Space between two Neurons
A
Synapse
17
Q
Soma to Axon Terminal; Replenishes synaptic vesicles and enzymes for NT synthesis
A
Anterograde Axonal Transport
18
Q
Axon Terminal to Soma; Recycles synaptic vesicle membrane for lysosomal degradation
A
Retrograde Axonal Transport
19
Q
Protein responsible for Anterograde Axonal Transport
A
Kinesin
20
Q
Protein responsible for Retrograde Axonal Transport
A
Dynein
21
Q
Diseases utilizing Retrograde Axonal Transport
A
TetanusBotulism
22
Q
Death of the Axon distal to the site of injury after an axon is transected
A
Anterograde/Orthograde Degeneration
23
Q
Changes to the soma after an axon is transected
A
Axonal Reaction/Chromatolysis
24
Q
Axonal regeneration occurs better in the CNS or PNS?
A
PNS
25
Secreted by: Nucleus Basalis of Meynert (Basal Ganglia); Synthesis: uses Acetyl CoA and Choline with enzyme: Choline Acetyltransferase; Degradation: produces Acetate and Choline with enzyme: Acetylcholinesterase (Choline is recycled)
Acetylcholine
26
Found mainly in the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta & Ventral Tegmental Area; Removed via reuptake by MAO (in pre-synaptic nerve terminals), COMT (in tissues including liver)
Dopamine
27
Dopamine deficiency
Parkinson's Disease
28
Dopamine excess
Schizophrenia
29
Secreted by Locus Ceruleus in the pons & post-ganglionic neurons of sympathetic nervous system; Control overall activity and mood of the mind, such as increasing the level of wakefulness; Maybe excitatory or inhibitory
NorepinephrineEpinephrine
30
Phenylalanine derivatives
PhenylalanineTyrosineL-DopaDopamineNorepinephrineEpinephrineThyroxineMelanin
31
Secreted mainly by the Median Raphe of the Brain Stem; Inhibitor of Pain Pathways in the Spinal Cord; "Happy Hormones"; From Tryptophan (W); Converted to Melatonin
Serotonin
32
Secreted in areas of brain responsible for Long-term behavior and Memory; From Arginine; Short-actin neurotransmitter; Not preformed and stored in vesicles
Nitric Oxide
33
From Histidine; Located mainly within the tuberomammillary nucleus of the Hypothalamus
Histamine
34
Inhibitory neurotransmitter usually found in spinal interneurons; Increases Chloride influx
Glycine
35
The number #1 Inhibitory Neurotransmitter in the Brain; Comes from Glutamate; Increases Chloride Influx (GABA-A) or Potassium Efflux (GABA-B)
GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid)
36
The number #1 Excitatory Neurotransmitter in the Brain
Glutamate
37
Inhibit neurons in the brain involved in the perception of pain; Enkephalins, Endorphins, Dynorphins
Opioid Peptides
38
Involved in pain transmission; In specific areas of the brain, primary sensory neurons, GI plexus neurons
Substance P
39
Neurotransmitter deficient in Alzheimer's Disease
Acetylcholine
40
-70mV; Potential difference that exist across the membrane; Exhibited by almost all cells; Refers to Intracellular Charge
Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)
41
Exhibited by Excitable Cells only (Neurons & Muscle Cells); Stereotypical size and shape; Propagating - non-decremental manner; "All-or-none"
Action Potential
42
Basis for Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) & Action Potential (AP)
Ion Channels
43
Making the membrane potential less negative
Depolarization
44
Making the membrane potential more negative
Hyperpolarization
45
Positive charges flowing into the cell
Inward current
46
Positive charges flowing out of the cell
Outward current
47
Membrane potential in which occurrence of Action Potential is inevitable
Threshold
48
Portion of the Action Potential where membrane potential is positive
Overshoot
49
Portion of the Action Potential where membrane potential is more negative than Resting Membrane Potential
Undershoot/Hyperpolarizing afterpotential
50
Period in which Action Potential cannot be elicited
Refractory Period
51
Nernst Potential for Na and K diffusion
+61mV and -94mV
52
Na-K Leak Channels
100x more permeable to K
53
Na-K-ATPase Pump
-4mV
54
Opening of Na-Activation gates
Sodium Influx (Depolarization)
55
Closure of Na-Inactivation gates and Opening of Potassium gates
stop Sodium Influx and Potassium Efflux (Repolarization)
56
Na-Activation Gates Closed; Na-Inactivation Gates Open; K Gates Closed
Resting state
57
Na-Activation Gates Open (Some); Na-Inactivation Gates Open; K Gates Closed
Depolarization
58
Na-Activation Gates Open (All); Na-Inactivation Gates Open; K Gates Closed
Rising phase of Action Potential
59
Na-Activation Gates Open; Na-Inactivation Gates Closed; K Gates Open
Falling phase of Action Potential
60
Na-Activation Gates Closed; Na-Inactivation Gates Closed; K Gates Open
Undershoot
61
Sodium Channel Blockers of Neurons
Tetradotoxin, Saxitoxin
62
Potassium Channel Blocker of Neurons
Tetraethylammonium
63
True or False: Na2+ and K+ gated channels are responsible for all types of Action Potential
False (eg: Ca2+ channels seen in muscles)
64
Stimulates nerve depolarization in the first place
Mechanical disturbance, Chemical, Electricity
65
Time periods after an Action Potential, during which a new stimulus cannot be readily elicited
Refractory Periods
66
Another Action Potential cannot be elicited, no matter how large the stimulus; Coincides with almost the entire duration of the action potential
Absolute Refractory Period
67
No Action Potential can occur until the Inactivation Gates open
Ionic Basis of Absolute Refractory Period
68
Action Potential can be elicited only if a larger than usual inward current is provided
Relative Refractory Period
69
Membrane Potential is closer to the K+ equilibrium potential and farther from threshold; More inward current is required to bring the membrane to threshold
Ionic Basis of Relative Refractory Period
70
When a cell is depolarized so SLOWLY such that the threshold potential is passed without firing an action potential
Accommodation
71
Effect of Hyperkalemia to heart muscle
Depolarizes the Heart
72
Effect of Hypokalemia to heart muscle
Hyperpolarizes the Heart (K+ leakage)
73
Synaptic inputs that depolarize the post-synaptic cell
Excitatory Post-synaptic Potential (EPSP)
74
Synaptic inputs that hyperpolarize the post-synaptic cell
Inhibitory Post-synaptic Potential (IPSP)
75
2 or more presynaptic inputs arrive at post-synaptic cell simultaneously
Spatial Summation
76
2 or more presynaptic inputs arrive at post-synaptic cell in rapid succession
Temporal Summation
77
Repeated stimulation causes response of post-synaptic cell to be greater than expected
Nerve Facilitation
78
Increased released of NT and increased sensitivity to the NT
Long-Term Potentiation (Involved in Memory)
79
Repeated stimulation causes decreased response of postsynaptic cell
Synaptic Fatigue (Due to depletion of NT stores)
80
Myelinated fiber; For Proprioception and Somatic Motor; Thickest (12-30um) and Fastest (70-120m/s)
Nerve Fiber Type A-alpha
81
Myelinated fiber; For Touch and Pressure; 5-12um and 30-70m/s
Nerve Fiber Type A-beta
82
Myelinated fiber; For Motor to Muscle spindles; 3-6um and 15-30m/s
Nerve Fiber Type A-gamma
83
Myelinated fiber; For Pain, Cold, Touch; 2-5um and 12-30m/s
Nerve Fiber Type A-delta
84
Myelinated fiber; For Preganglionic autonomic;
Nerve Fiber Type B
85
Non-Myelinated fiber; For Pain, Temperature, some Mechanoreception; 0.4-1.2um and 0.5-2m/s
Nerve Fiber Type C-Dorsal root
86
Non-Myelinated fiber; For Postganglionic sympathetic; 0.3-1.3um and 0.7-2.3m/s
Nerve Fiber Type C-sympathetic
87
Vasomotor Center, Resoiratory Center (DRG, VRG), Swallowing, Coughing and Vomiting Centers
Medulla
88
Micturition Center, Pneumotaxic, Apneustic Centers
Pons
89
Relay Center for almost all sensations
Thalamus
90
Contributes to Balance
Cerebellum
91
Connects the two brain hemispheres
Corpus Callosum, Anterior Commissure
92
Motor, Personality, Calculation
Frontal Lobe
93
Somatosensory Cortex
Parietal Lobe
94
Vision
Occipital Lobe
95
Hearing, Vestibular processing, recognition of faces, Optic Pathway, (Meyer's Loop)
Temporal Lobe
96
Elaboration of thoughts; Plan complex motor movements
Prefrontal Association Area of Cerebral Cortex
97
Plans and creates motor pattern for speech
Broca's Area of Cerebral Cortex
98
Behavior, Emotions, Motivation
Limbic Association Area of Cerebral Cortex
99
Storage mechanism for learning; A result of previous neural activity
Memory
100
Seconds-to-minutes memory
Short-term Memory
101
Days-to-weeks memory
Intermediate-term Memory
102
Years-to-lifetime memory
Long-term Memory
103
Conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory; Accelerated an potentiated by Rehearsal
Consolidation
104
Does NOT store memory; An important output pathway from reward & punishment centers
Hippocampus
105
Loss of short-term memory; Impairment of the ability to form new memories through memorization
Anterograde Amnesia (Hippocampal Lesion)
106
Loss of pre-existing memories to conscious recollection; Person may be able to memorize new things but is unable to recall events or identity prior to the onset
Retrograde Amnesia (Thalamic Lesion)
107
Might play a role in helping a person "search" the memory storehouses and "read-out" the memories
Thalamus
108
Production of Oxytocin
Paraventricular Nuclei
109
Production of Vasopressin
Supraoptic Nuclei
110
Satiety Center
Ventromedial Nuclei
111
Hunger Center
Lateral Nuclei
112
Sweating (Heat release)
Anterior Hypothalamic Area
113
Shivering (Heat conversion)
Posterior Hypothalamus
114
Reward Center
Medial Forebrain Bundle
115
Punishment Center
Central Gray Area around the Aqueduct of Sylvius
116
Social inhibition
Amygdala
117
Which takes precedence over the other: punishment & fear or pleasure & reward?
Punishment & Fear
118
Regulate activity of many physiological processes including heart rte, blood pressure, body core, temperature and blood levels of hormones
Biological Clock
119
Cycles of Periodicity shorter than 24 hours (eg: heart beat, respiratory rhythm)
Ultradian Rhythms
120
Cycles of Periodicity longer than 24 hours (eg: menstrual cycle, gestation)
Infradian Rhythms
121
Cycles of Periodicity that approximate Earth's rotational period (eg: sleep-wake cycle, hormone levels)
Circadian Rhythms
122
Master clock of all biological clocks in the human body; Destruction causes loss of circadian functions
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
123
Implicated in regulation of circadian rhythms; Secretes a hormone called Melatonin that is synthesized from Serotonin
Pineal Gland
124
Controlled by sympathetic nerve activity which is regulated by light signals from the retina; Increased during darkness; Inhibited by daylight
Melatonin
125
Also known as Jet-lag; Out of synchronization of body clocks with the destination time; Treated with Melatonin or sunlight exposure
Desynchronosis
126
Recording of neuronal electrical activity; Important diagnostic tool in Clinical Neurology
EEG
127
Awake; Eyes Closed (8-13Hz)
Alpha waves
128
Awake; Eyes Open (13-30Hz)
Beta waves
129
Brain disorders and degenerative brain states (4-7Hz)
Theta waves
130
Deep sleep, Organic Brain Disease, Infants (0.5-4Hz)
Delta waves
131
Clinical assessment of brainstem functions in comatose patients use which evoked potential?
Auditory Evoked Potential
132
Endogenous periodicity of 25 hours
Sleep-wake cycle
133
Due to an active inhibitory process; NOT merely due to fatigue of Reticular Activating System (RAS); Secretion of Muramyl Peptide may be involved
Sleep
134
Usually dreamless or unremembered dreams; 10-30% decrease in blood pressure, heart rate and BMR; Increased in GI motility; Difficult to arouse by sensory stimuli; Alpha, Theta, & Delta waves
Slow-wave Sleep
135
With Active Dreaming; occurs every 90 minutes of slow-wave sleep; Increased brain metabolism; Decreased muscle tone, pupillary constriction, active body movements, irregular BP, HR, RR; penile erection, rapid eye movements; More difficult to arouse by sensory stimuli; Beta waves
REM Sleep
136
Who among the following dream the most: newborns, young adults, elderly?
Newborns (50% REM Sleep)
137
Most metabolic organ
Brain
138
Source of energy of Brain
Glucose and Ketone bodies only
139
True or False: Brain requires Insulin
False
140
Total amount of CSF in the Brain
150ml
141
Amount of CSF produced per day
500ml
142
Function of CSF
Cushioning
143
Consist of Endothelial cells of Cerebral Capillaries, Astrocyte foot processes and Choroid plexus epithelium
Blood-Brain Barrier
144
BBB exists in all parts of the brain EXCEPT:
Some Areas of HypothalamusPineal GlandArea Postrema
145
Aka "Visceral Motor System" or "Vegetative Nervous System"; Assists in maintaining Homeostasis (eg: Baroreceptors and Blood pressure)
Autonomic Nervous System
146
Sympathetic tract: Cell Body of Thoracic and Lumbar segment of Spinal CordParasympathetic tract: Cell Body of Brainstem, Sacral segment of Spinal Cord
Preganglionic Neuron
147
Sympathetic tract: Cell Body of Paravertebral or Prevertebral GangliaParasympathetic tract: Cell Body in the Ganglia at the walls of target organs
Postganglionic Neuron
148
Adrenoreceptors on Vascular smooth muscle, skin, renal, & splanchnic, gastrointestinal tract sphincters, bladder sphincter, radial muscle of iris; IP3, increase intracellular Ca2+
Alpha-1 Receptors
149
Adrenoreceptors on Gastrointestinal tract wall, Presynaptic adrenergic neurons; Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, decrease cAMP
Alpha-2 Receptors
150
Adrenoreceptors on Heart, Salivary Glands, Adipose Tissue, Kidney; Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, increase in cAMP
Beta-1 Receptors
151
Adrenoreceptors on Vascular smooth muscle of skeletal muscle, gastrointestinal tract wall, bladder wall, Bronchioles; stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, increase in cAMP
Beta-2 Receptors
152
Cholinoreceptors on skeletal muscle, motor end plate (N1), Postganglionic neurons, SNS and PNS (N2), Adrenal medulla (N2); Opening Na+ and K+ channels (depolarization)
Nicotinic Receptors
153
Cholinoreceptors on All effector organs, PNS, Sweat glands, SNS; IP3, increase intracellular Ca2+ (M1, M2, M3), decrease adenylyl cyclase, decrease cAMP (M2, M3)
Muscarinic Receptors
154
Mydriasis
Sympathetic (Alpha-1)
155
Accommodation (CN III)
Parasympathetic
156
Sweating
Sympathetic
157
Mucoid Salivation
Sympathetic
158
Watery Salivation
Parasympathetic
159
Glandular Secretion
Parasympathetic
160
Increased Heart Rate & Cardiac Contractility
Sympathetic (Beta-1)
161
Bronchoconstriction
Parasympathetic
162
GI Motility/Peristalsis
Parasympathetic (Rest & Digest)
163
Increased Blood Glucose, Lipids
Sympathetic
164
GU & GI sphincter contraction
Sympathetic
165
Uterine Contraction
Sympathetic (Alpha-1)
166
Urination and Defecation
Parasympathetic
167
Vasodilation - Skeletal Muscles
Sympathetic (Beta-2)
168
Vasoconstriction - Skin, Splanchnic, Renal, Venous
Sympathetic
169
Piloerection
Sympathetic
170
Erection
Parasympathetic
171
Ejaculation
Sympathetic (shoot) & Parasympathetic (point)
