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physiology > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Permanent Nerve Cell

A

Neuron

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2
Q

Non-permanent Nerve Cell

A

Neuroglia/Glial Cells/Supporting Cells

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3
Q

More numerous: Neurons or Glial Cells?

A

Glial Cells (10:1 ratio)

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4
Q

Produces CSF

A

Ependymal Cells

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5
Q

Macrophage of the Brain

A

Microglia

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6
Q

Regulate ECF ion levels; Provide mechanical support; Part of BBB

A

Astrocyte

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7
Q

Creates myelin in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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8
Q

Creates myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann Cells

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9
Q

Brain tumors from non-mature neurons

A

NeuroblastomaRetinoblastoma

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10
Q

Receiving portion of the Neuron

A

Dendrites, Cell Body

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11
Q

Where Action Potential is initiated

A

Axon Hillock

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12
Q

Function of Myelin Sheath

A

Insulator

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13
Q

Unmyelinated portions of the axon

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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14
Q

Branches of the Axons

A

Neural Fibrils

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15
Q

Terminal portion of a neural fibril that contains NT-containing vesicles

A

Axon Terminal (Boutons/End Feet)

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16
Q

Space between two Neurons

A

Synapse

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17
Q

Soma to Axon Terminal; Replenishes synaptic vesicles and enzymes for NT synthesis

A

Anterograde Axonal Transport

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18
Q

Axon Terminal to Soma; Recycles synaptic vesicle membrane for lysosomal degradation

A

Retrograde Axonal Transport

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19
Q

Protein responsible for Anterograde Axonal Transport

A

Kinesin

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20
Q

Protein responsible for Retrograde Axonal Transport

A

Dynein

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21
Q

Diseases utilizing Retrograde Axonal Transport

A

TetanusBotulism

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22
Q

Death of the Axon distal to the site of injury after an axon is transected

A

Anterograde/Orthograde Degeneration

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23
Q

Changes to the soma after an axon is transected

A

Axonal Reaction/Chromatolysis

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24
Q

Axonal regeneration occurs better in the CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

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25
Q

Secreted by: Nucleus Basalis of Meynert (Basal Ganglia); Synthesis: uses Acetyl CoA and Choline with enzyme: Choline Acetyltransferase; Degradation: produces Acetate and Choline with enzyme: Acetylcholinesterase (Choline is recycled)

A

Acetylcholine

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26
Q

Found mainly in the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta & Ventral Tegmental Area; Removed via reuptake by MAO (in pre-synaptic nerve terminals), COMT (in tissues including liver)

A

Dopamine

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27
Q

Dopamine deficiency

A

Parkinson’s Disease

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28
Q

Dopamine excess

A

Schizophrenia

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29
Q

Secreted by Locus Ceruleus in the pons & post-ganglionic neurons of sympathetic nervous system; Control overall activity and mood of the mind, such as increasing the level of wakefulness; Maybe excitatory or inhibitory

A

NorepinephrineEpinephrine

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30
Q

Phenylalanine derivatives

A

PhenylalanineTyrosineL-DopaDopamineNorepinephrineEpinephrineThyroxineMelanin

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31
Q

Secreted mainly by the Median Raphe of the Brain Stem; Inhibitor of Pain Pathways in the Spinal Cord; “Happy Hormones”; From Tryptophan (W); Converted to Melatonin

A

Serotonin

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32
Q

Secreted in areas of brain responsible for Long-term behavior and Memory; From Arginine; Short-actin neurotransmitter; Not preformed and stored in vesicles

A

Nitric Oxide

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33
Q

From Histidine; Located mainly within the tuberomammillary nucleus of the Hypothalamus

A

Histamine

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34
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter usually found in spinal interneurons; Increases Chloride influx

A

Glycine

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35
Q

The number #1 Inhibitory Neurotransmitter in the Brain; Comes from Glutamate; Increases Chloride Influx (GABA-A) or Potassium Efflux (GABA-B)

A

GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid)

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36
Q

The number #1 Excitatory Neurotransmitter in the Brain

A

Glutamate

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37
Q

Inhibit neurons in the brain involved in the perception of pain; Enkephalins, Endorphins, Dynorphins

A

Opioid Peptides

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38
Q

Involved in pain transmission; In specific areas of the brain, primary sensory neurons, GI plexus neurons

A

Substance P

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39
Q

Neurotransmitter deficient in Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Acetylcholine

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40
Q

-70mV; Potential difference that exist across the membrane; Exhibited by almost all cells; Refers to Intracellular Charge

A

Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

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41
Q

Exhibited by Excitable Cells only (Neurons & Muscle Cells); Stereotypical size and shape; Propagating - non-decremental manner; “All-or-none”

A

Action Potential

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42
Q

Basis for Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) & Action Potential (AP)

A

Ion Channels

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43
Q

Making the membrane potential less negative

A

Depolarization

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44
Q

Making the membrane potential more negative

A

Hyperpolarization

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45
Q

Positive charges flowing into the cell

A

Inward current

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46
Q

Positive charges flowing out of the cell

A

Outward current

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47
Q

Membrane potential in which occurrence of Action Potential is inevitable

A

Threshold

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48
Q

Portion of the Action Potential where membrane potential is positive

A

Overshoot

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49
Q

Portion of the Action Potential where membrane potential is more negative than Resting Membrane Potential

A

Undershoot/Hyperpolarizing afterpotential

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50
Q

Period in which Action Potential cannot be elicited

A

Refractory Period

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51
Q

Nernst Potential for Na and K diffusion

A

+61mV and -94mV

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52
Q

Na-K Leak Channels

A

100x more permeable to K

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53
Q

Na-K-ATPase Pump

A

-4mV

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54
Q

Opening of Na-Activation gates

A

Sodium Influx (Depolarization)

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55
Q

Closure of Na-Inactivation gates and Opening of Potassium gates

A

stop Sodium Influx and Potassium Efflux (Repolarization)

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56
Q

Na-Activation Gates Closed; Na-Inactivation Gates Open; K Gates Closed

A

Resting state

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57
Q

Na-Activation Gates Open (Some); Na-Inactivation Gates Open; K Gates Closed

A

Depolarization

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58
Q

Na-Activation Gates Open (All); Na-Inactivation Gates Open; K Gates Closed

A

Rising phase of Action Potential

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59
Q

Na-Activation Gates Open; Na-Inactivation Gates Closed; K Gates Open

A

Falling phase of Action Potential

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60
Q

Na-Activation Gates Closed; Na-Inactivation Gates Closed; K Gates Open

A

Undershoot

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61
Q

Sodium Channel Blockers of Neurons

A

Tetradotoxin, Saxitoxin

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62
Q

Potassium Channel Blocker of Neurons

A

Tetraethylammonium

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63
Q

True or False: Na2+ and K+ gated channels are responsible for all types of Action Potential

A

False (eg: Ca2+ channels seen in muscles)

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64
Q

Stimulates nerve depolarization in the first place

A

Mechanical disturbance, Chemical, Electricity

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65
Q

Time periods after an Action Potential, during which a new stimulus cannot be readily elicited

A

Refractory Periods

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66
Q

Another Action Potential cannot be elicited, no matter how large the stimulus; Coincides with almost the entire duration of the action potential

A

Absolute Refractory Period

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67
Q

No Action Potential can occur until the Inactivation Gates open

A

Ionic Basis of Absolute Refractory Period

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68
Q

Action Potential can be elicited only if a larger than usual inward current is provided

A

Relative Refractory Period

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69
Q

Membrane Potential is closer to the K+ equilibrium potential and farther from threshold; More inward current is required to bring the membrane to threshold

A

Ionic Basis of Relative Refractory Period

70
Q

When a cell is depolarized so SLOWLY such that the threshold potential is passed without firing an action potential

A

Accommodation

71
Q

Effect of Hyperkalemia to heart muscle

A

Depolarizes the Heart

72
Q

Effect of Hypokalemia to heart muscle

A

Hyperpolarizes the Heart (K+ leakage)

73
Q

Synaptic inputs that depolarize the post-synaptic cell

A

Excitatory Post-synaptic Potential (EPSP)

74
Q

Synaptic inputs that hyperpolarize the post-synaptic cell

A

Inhibitory Post-synaptic Potential (IPSP)

75
Q

2 or more presynaptic inputs arrive at post-synaptic cell simultaneously

A

Spatial Summation

76
Q

2 or more presynaptic inputs arrive at post-synaptic cell in rapid succession

A

Temporal Summation

77
Q

Repeated stimulation causes response of post-synaptic cell to be greater than expected

A

Nerve Facilitation

78
Q

Increased released of NT and increased sensitivity to the NT

A

Long-Term Potentiation (Involved in Memory)

79
Q

Repeated stimulation causes decreased response of postsynaptic cell

A

Synaptic Fatigue (Due to depletion of NT stores)

80
Q

Myelinated fiber; For Proprioception and Somatic Motor; Thickest (12-30um) and Fastest (70-120m/s)

A

Nerve Fiber Type A-alpha

81
Q

Myelinated fiber; For Touch and Pressure; 5-12um and 30-70m/s

A

Nerve Fiber Type A-beta

82
Q

Myelinated fiber; For Motor to Muscle spindles; 3-6um and 15-30m/s

A

Nerve Fiber Type A-gamma

83
Q

Myelinated fiber; For Pain, Cold, Touch; 2-5um and 12-30m/s

A

Nerve Fiber Type A-delta

84
Q

Myelinated fiber; For Preganglionic autonomic;

A

Nerve Fiber Type B

85
Q

Non-Myelinated fiber; For Pain, Temperature, some Mechanoreception; 0.4-1.2um and 0.5-2m/s

A

Nerve Fiber Type C-Dorsal root

86
Q

Non-Myelinated fiber; For Postganglionic sympathetic; 0.3-1.3um and 0.7-2.3m/s

A

Nerve Fiber Type C-sympathetic

87
Q

Vasomotor Center, Resoiratory Center (DRG, VRG), Swallowing, Coughing and Vomiting Centers

A

Medulla

88
Q

Micturition Center, Pneumotaxic, Apneustic Centers

A

Pons

89
Q

Relay Center for almost all sensations

A

Thalamus

90
Q

Contributes to Balance

A

Cerebellum

91
Q

Connects the two brain hemispheres

A

Corpus Callosum, Anterior Commissure

92
Q

Motor, Personality, Calculation

A

Frontal Lobe

93
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

Parietal Lobe

94
Q

Vision

A

Occipital Lobe

95
Q

Hearing, Vestibular processing, recognition of faces, Optic Pathway, (Meyer’s Loop)

A

Temporal Lobe

96
Q

Elaboration of thoughts; Plan complex motor movements

A

Prefrontal Association Area of Cerebral Cortex

97
Q

Plans and creates motor pattern for speech

A

Broca’s Area of Cerebral Cortex

98
Q

Behavior, Emotions, Motivation

A

Limbic Association Area of Cerebral Cortex

99
Q

Storage mechanism for learning; A result of previous neural activity

A

Memory

100
Q

Seconds-to-minutes memory

A

Short-term Memory

101
Q

Days-to-weeks memory

A

Intermediate-term Memory

102
Q

Years-to-lifetime memory

A

Long-term Memory

103
Q

Conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory; Accelerated an potentiated by Rehearsal

A

Consolidation

104
Q

Does NOT store memory; An important output pathway from reward & punishment centers

A

Hippocampus

105
Q

Loss of short-term memory; Impairment of the ability to form new memories through memorization

A

Anterograde Amnesia (Hippocampal Lesion)

106
Q

Loss of pre-existing memories to conscious recollection; Person may be able to memorize new things but is unable to recall events or identity prior to the onset

A

Retrograde Amnesia (Thalamic Lesion)

107
Q

Might play a role in helping a person “search” the memory storehouses and “read-out” the memories

A

Thalamus

108
Q

Production of Oxytocin

A

Paraventricular Nuclei

109
Q

Production of Vasopressin

A

Supraoptic Nuclei

110
Q

Satiety Center

A

Ventromedial Nuclei

111
Q

Hunger Center

A

Lateral Nuclei

112
Q

Sweating (Heat release)

A

Anterior Hypothalamic Area

113
Q

Shivering (Heat conversion)

A

Posterior Hypothalamus

114
Q

Reward Center

A

Medial Forebrain Bundle

115
Q

Punishment Center

A

Central Gray Area around the Aqueduct of Sylvius

116
Q

Social inhibition

A

Amygdala

117
Q

Which takes precedence over the other: punishment & fear or pleasure & reward?

A

Punishment & Fear

118
Q

Regulate activity of many physiological processes including heart rte, blood pressure, body core, temperature and blood levels of hormones

A

Biological Clock

119
Q

Cycles of Periodicity shorter than 24 hours (eg: heart beat, respiratory rhythm)

A

Ultradian Rhythms

120
Q

Cycles of Periodicity longer than 24 hours (eg: menstrual cycle, gestation)

A

Infradian Rhythms

121
Q

Cycles of Periodicity that approximate Earth’s rotational period (eg: sleep-wake cycle, hormone levels)

A

Circadian Rhythms

122
Q

Master clock of all biological clocks in the human body; Destruction causes loss of circadian functions

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

123
Q

Implicated in regulation of circadian rhythms; Secretes a hormone called Melatonin that is synthesized from Serotonin

A

Pineal Gland

124
Q

Controlled by sympathetic nerve activity which is regulated by light signals from the retina; Increased during darkness; Inhibited by daylight

A

Melatonin

125
Q

Also known as Jet-lag; Out of synchronization of body clocks with the destination time; Treated with Melatonin or sunlight exposure

A

Desynchronosis

126
Q

Recording of neuronal electrical activity; Important diagnostic tool in Clinical Neurology

A

EEG

127
Q

Awake; Eyes Closed (8-13Hz)

A

Alpha waves

128
Q

Awake; Eyes Open (13-30Hz)

A

Beta waves

129
Q

Brain disorders and degenerative brain states (4-7Hz)

A

Theta waves

130
Q

Deep sleep, Organic Brain Disease, Infants (0.5-4Hz)

A

Delta waves

131
Q

Clinical assessment of brainstem functions in comatose patients use which evoked potential?

A

Auditory Evoked Potential

132
Q

Endogenous periodicity of 25 hours

A

Sleep-wake cycle

133
Q

Due to an active inhibitory process; NOT merely due to fatigue of Reticular Activating System (RAS); Secretion of Muramyl Peptide may be involved

A

Sleep

134
Q

Usually dreamless or unremembered dreams; 10-30% decrease in blood pressure, heart rate and BMR; Increased in GI motility; Difficult to arouse by sensory stimuli; Alpha, Theta, & Delta waves

A

Slow-wave Sleep

135
Q

With Active Dreaming; occurs every 90 minutes of slow-wave sleep; Increased brain metabolism; Decreased muscle tone, pupillary constriction, active body movements, irregular BP, HR, RR; penile erection, rapid eye movements; More difficult to arouse by sensory stimuli; Beta waves

A

REM Sleep

136
Q

Who among the following dream the most: newborns, young adults, elderly?

A

Newborns (50% REM Sleep)

137
Q

Most metabolic organ

A

Brain

138
Q

Source of energy of Brain

A

Glucose and Ketone bodies only

139
Q

True or False: Brain requires Insulin

A

False

140
Q

Total amount of CSF in the Brain

A

150ml

141
Q

Amount of CSF produced per day

A

500ml

142
Q

Function of CSF

A

Cushioning

143
Q

Consist of Endothelial cells of Cerebral Capillaries, Astrocyte foot processes and Choroid plexus epithelium

A

Blood-Brain Barrier

144
Q

BBB exists in all parts of the brain EXCEPT:

A

Some Areas of HypothalamusPineal GlandArea Postrema

145
Q

Aka “Visceral Motor System” or “Vegetative Nervous System”; Assists in maintaining Homeostasis (eg: Baroreceptors and Blood pressure)

A

Autonomic Nervous System

146
Q

Sympathetic tract: Cell Body of Thoracic and Lumbar segment of Spinal CordParasympathetic tract: Cell Body of Brainstem, Sacral segment of Spinal Cord

A

Preganglionic Neuron

147
Q

Sympathetic tract: Cell Body of Paravertebral or Prevertebral GangliaParasympathetic tract: Cell Body in the Ganglia at the walls of target organs

A

Postganglionic Neuron

148
Q

Adrenoreceptors on Vascular smooth muscle, skin, renal, & splanchnic, gastrointestinal tract sphincters, bladder sphincter, radial muscle of iris; IP3, increase intracellular Ca2+

A

Alpha-1 Receptors

149
Q

Adrenoreceptors on Gastrointestinal tract wall, Presynaptic adrenergic neurons; Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, decrease cAMP

A

Alpha-2 Receptors

150
Q

Adrenoreceptors on Heart, Salivary Glands, Adipose Tissue, Kidney; Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, increase in cAMP

A

Beta-1 Receptors

151
Q

Adrenoreceptors on Vascular smooth muscle of skeletal muscle, gastrointestinal tract wall, bladder wall, Bronchioles; stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, increase in cAMP

A

Beta-2 Receptors

152
Q

Cholinoreceptors on skeletal muscle, motor end plate (N1), Postganglionic neurons, SNS and PNS (N2), Adrenal medulla (N2); Opening Na+ and K+ channels (depolarization)

A

Nicotinic Receptors

153
Q

Cholinoreceptors on All effector organs, PNS, Sweat glands, SNS; IP3, increase intracellular Ca2+ (M1, M2, M3), decrease adenylyl cyclase, decrease cAMP (M2, M3)

A

Muscarinic Receptors

154
Q

Mydriasis

A

Sympathetic (Alpha-1)

155
Q

Accommodation (CN III)

A

Parasympathetic

156
Q

Sweating

A

Sympathetic

157
Q

Mucoid Salivation

A

Sympathetic

158
Q

Watery Salivation

A

Parasympathetic

159
Q

Glandular Secretion

A

Parasympathetic

160
Q

Increased Heart Rate & Cardiac Contractility

A

Sympathetic (Beta-1)

161
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A

Parasympathetic

162
Q

GI Motility/Peristalsis

A

Parasympathetic (Rest & Digest)

163
Q

Increased Blood Glucose, Lipids

A

Sympathetic

164
Q

GU & GI sphincter contraction

A

Sympathetic

165
Q

Uterine Contraction

A

Sympathetic (Alpha-1)

166
Q

Urination and Defecation

A

Parasympathetic

167
Q

Vasodilation - Skeletal Muscles

A

Sympathetic (Beta-2)

168
Q

Vasoconstriction - Skin, Splanchnic, Renal, Venous

A

Sympathetic

169
Q

Piloerection

A

Sympathetic

170
Q

Erection

A

Parasympathetic

171
Q

Ejaculation

A

Sympathetic (shoot) & Parasympathetic (point)

physiology (12 decks)

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