Hematology Flashcards
1
Q
Fluid medium of the blood; Non-cellular part of the blood
A
Plasma
2
Q
Plasma minus the clotting proteins
A
Serum
3
Q
Plasma Composition: Water
A
90%
4
Q
Plasma Composition: Plasma protein
A
8%
5
Q
Plasma Composition: Inorganic salts
A
1%
6
Q
Plasma Composition: Lipids
A
0.5%
7
Q
Plasma Composition: Sugar
A
0.1%
8
Q
Essential component of clotting system
A
Blood Coagulation Proteins
9
Q
Major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma
A
Albumin
10
Q
Proteases, Anti-proteases, Transport Proteins
A
Alpha Globulins
11
Q
Transferrin & Other Transport Proteins
A
Beta Globulins
12
Q
Immunoglobulins
A
Gamma Globulins
13
Q
Major ECF Cation
A
Na
14
Q
Carried to sites of breakdown or excretion
A
Organic Wastes
15
Q
Process of forming blood elements in the bone marrow
A
Hemopoeisis
16
Q
Site of blood cell formation beginning 3rd week of fetal development
A
Yolk sac/Aorta Gonad Mesonephros (AGM) Region
17
Q
Site of blood cell formation beginning 3rd month of fetal development
A
Liver (with minor contributions from spleen, LN)
18
Q
Only sources of blood cells post natally; begins at 4th month
A
Bone marrow
19
Q
All Bone marrow active
A
Birth to Puberty
20
Q
Only Bone marrow of vertebra, ribs, sternum, skull, pelvis, proximal epiphyseal region of humerus active
A
Age 30 (remaining marrow: yellow, fatty, inactive)
21
Q
Post-embryonic extramedullary hematopoiesis in full term infant
A
Always abnormal
22
Q
Most abundant blood cells that transport Hemoglobin that carries O2 and CO2, acts an acid-base buffer
A
Erythrocyte (RBC)
23
Q
An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between CO2 & H2O to form carbonic acid (H2CO3)
A
Carbonic anhydrase
24
Q
Normal resting shape of RBC
A
Biconcave disc (due to spectrin) with bag pliability
25
Protein inside the RBC that bonds with Oxygen; Composed of 4 polypeptide subunits (2 alpha and 2 beta)
Hemoglobin
26
The % of cells in whole blood
Hematocrit
27
How many oxygen molecules can 1 hemoglobin molecule bind?
4 molecules of O2
28
Most common form of hemoglobin in adult human being
HbA (Hemoglobin A)
29
Has a higher affinity for O2 compared to HbA
HbF (Fetal Hemoglobin)
30
An essential metallic component of Heme
Iron
31
Total iron in the body
4-5g
32
RBC Formation: With nucleus, ER reabsorbed
Orthochromatic Erythroblast
33
RBC Formation: Baby RBCs; Without nucleus, With remnants of Golgi, Mitochondria and other organelles
Reticulocytes
34
Hormone stimulating RBC production
Erythropoeitin (EPO)
35
Main stimulus for EPO production
Hypoxia
36
Effect of EPO is seen after
5 days
37
Last RBC stage with nucleus
Orthochromatic Erythroblast
38
RBC stage released to the blood
Reticulocytes
39
Time to convert reticulocytes to RBC
1-2 days
40
Characteristic of Mature RBCs
No nucleus, mitochondria, ER
41
Lifespan of RBCs
120 days (adult), 90 days (fetal)
42
Intravascular destruction of old or damaged RBCs occurs here
Spleen
43
Extravascular destruction of RBCs is due to
Macrophages
44
Fate of Heme in destroyed RBC
Bilirubin
45
Nutrient essential for DNA synthesis
Vit B12 and Folic Acid
46
Megaloblastic Anemia + Neural deficits
Vit B12 Deficiency
47
Megaloblastic Anemia + Neural Tube Disorders
Folic Acid Deficiency
48
Needed to absorb Vit B12
Intrinsic Factor
49
Sources of Vit B12, Folic Acid
Vit B12: meatsFolic Acid: Cauliflower, Broccoli
50
Capability of the body to resist almost all types of organisms or toxins that tend to damage tissues and organs
Immunity
51
Pre-existing; Not acquired through contact with non-self; Non-specific; Quick; 1st line of Defense
Innate Immunity
52
Antibody mediated or Lymphoid Cells; Occurs after exposure to an antigen; Specific; Delayed response; 2nd line of Defense
Acquired Immunity
53
Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
Granulocytes/PML/Myeloid Cells
54
Monocytes, Lymphocytes
Agranulocytes
55
Production: Granulocytes and Monocytes
Bone marrow
56
Production: LN, Spleen, Thymus, Tonsils, Peyer's patches
Lymphocytes, Plasma Cells
57
Lifespan of Granulocytes
4-8 hours in the blood4-5 days in tissuesShortened in infections
58
Lifespan of Monocytes
10-20 hours in the bloodMonths in tissues
59
Lifespan of Lymphocytes
Weeks to months
60
Highly lobulated nucleus; Most common type of WBC; Acute inflammatory response to tissue injury
Neutrophils
61
Bilobed nucleus, stain bright red with eosin dye; Weak phagocytes; For Parasitic infections and Allergic Reactions
Eosinophils
62
Bilobed or trilobed nucleus, largely densely basophilic (blue) granules; Least common type; With functional similarities to Mast Cells; Produces histamine, heparin
Basophils
63
Eccentrically placed nucleus; Largest WBC; Macrophages in tissues; Resident phagocytes
Monocytes
64
Round, densely stained nucleus with a pale basophilic, non-granular cytoplasm; 2nd most common type; Adaptive immunity cells; T cell (Thymus), B cell (Bone marrow); Smallest WBC
Lymphocytes
65
Small, non-nucleated cells from Megakaryocytes; Involved in Hemostasis; Life span: 7-10 days
Platelets
66
Movement of Neutrophils and Macrophages towards Chemical signal?
Chemotaxis
67
Movement out of the circulatory system and into the site of injury?
Diapedesis
68
Release histamine causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Mast Cells
69
1st line of defense; Present within minutes; Identifies the pathogen then phagocytosis
Tissue Macrophages
70
2nd line of defense; Will start migrating in response to inflammatory cytokines; Cause phagocytosis
Neutrophils
71
3rd line of defense; Blood monocytes (inactive) are converted to tissues: Macrophage (active); Response time: at least 8 hours
Monocytes
72
4th line of defense; Takes 3-4 days; Mediated by TNF, IL-1, GM-CSF, M-CSF
Increased Monocytes and Granulocyte production by BM
73
Battlefield of dead cells and pathogens
Pus
74
Caused by special immune system that forms Antibodies and/or activated lymphocytes that attack and destroy the specific invading organism or toxin
Adaptive Immunity
75
Are gamma globulins called immunoglobulins; 20% of plasma protein; Formed by Plasma Cells (activated B cells)
Antibodies
76
Determines specificity of Antigen
Variable portion
77
Determines other properties of antibodies
Constant portion
78
Divalent antibody, 75% antibodies (most abundant); Predominant antibody in secondary responses; Smallest (only one able to cross the placenta)
IgG
79
Main immunoglobulin concerned with primary immune response; Present on all uncommitted B cells; Largest
IgM
80
Main immunoglobulin un secretions (milk, saliva, tears, respiratory, intestinal and genital tract)
IgA
81
Antibody mediated allergies and hypersensitivity
IgE
82
Acts as an antigen receptor when present on the surface of certain B lymphocytes
IgD
83
Clumping
Agglutination
84
Insoluble antigen-antibody complex
Precipitation
85
AB covers the toxic sites of the antigenic agent
Neutralization
86
Rupture of the agent
Lysis
87
Serve as marker that makes it easier to phagocytize foreign bodies
Opsonization
88
Perforate foreign organisms
Membrane Attack Complex
89
Which complement is responsible for opsonization?
C3b
90
Which complement is an anaphylatoxin (induces inflammation)?
C3a, C4a, C5a
91
Which complement is chemotactic to WBCs?
C5a
92
Which complement is part of the Membrane Attach Complex (MAC)?
C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9
93
Most numerous of T cells; Various "helper" functions; Regulatory function of lymphokines (IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, G-CSF, Interferon gamma)
Helper T cell
94
Direct attack cell capable of killing microorganisms; Create "holes" (perforins); Targets virally infected cells, cancer cells, transplanted cells
Cytotoxic T cell
95
"Peacekeeper"; Regulatory function by suppressing action of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells; Plays an important role in limiting the ability of the immune system to attack a person's own body tissue
Suppressor T cells
96
Induced after contact with foreign antigen (usually killed or live attenuated infectious agents); Long term protection, slow onset of action
Active Immunity
97
Administration of antibodies (in antisera) in a vaccine; Prompt availability of large amount of antibodies; Short life span of antibodies, hypersensitivity reaction
Passive Immunity
98
N-Acetyl-Galactosamine
Blood Type A
99
Galactose
Blood Type B
100
Both N-Acetyl-Galactosamine and Galactose
Blood Type AB
101
None (No N-Acetyl-Galactosamine and Galactose)
Blood Type O
102
Has D antigen
Rh (+)
103
No D antigen
Rh (-)
104
Determined by genotype from parents
Agglutinogens
105
Spontaneously acquired from food, bacteria; Either IgM or IgG; Has multiple binding sites for agglutinogens
Agglutinins
106
Types of Organ Transplantation: Self
Autograft
107
Types of Organ Transplantation: Twin
Isograft/Syngeneic Graft
108
Types of Organ Transplantation: Same species
Allograft
109
Types of Organ Transplantation: Other species
Xenograft
110
Responsible for graft rejection
T cells
111
Mechanism to prevent blood loss whenever a vessel is severed or ruptured
Hemostasis
112
Smooth muscles in the blood vessel contracts after trauma
Vascular constriction (1st Step)
113
With Platelet Adhesion and Platelet Aggregation
Platelet Plug Formation (2nd Step)
114
For platelet adhesion
vWFGlycoprotein 1b
115
For platelet aggregation
FibrinogenGlycoprotein IIb-IIIa
116
Cascade of chemical reactions in response to vessel damage/trauma to blood results in formation of Prothrombin Activator
Blood Coagulation (3rd Step)
117
Converts Prothrombin to Thrombin
Prothrombin Activator
118
Converts Fibrinogen to Fibrin
Thrombin
119
Acts as a net/meshwork; Trap platelets, blood cells and plasma; Adhere to damage endothelium
Fibrin
120
Due to trauma to the vascular walls; Faster (more explosive); Initiated by Tissue Factor (Factor VII, X, V)
Extrinsic pathway
121
Due to trauma to the blood cells or exposure of blood to collagen from traumatized vessel walls; Slower; Initiated by Factor XII and Platelets (Factor XII, XI, IX, VIII)
Intrinsic pathway
122
Which clotting factors are common to both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway?
Factor X and V
123
Factor I
Fibrinogen
124
Factor II
Prothrombin
125
Factor III
Tissue Factor; Tissue Thromboplastin
126
Factor IV
Calcium
127
Factor V
Proaccelerin; Labile Factor( Ac-globulin
128
Factor VII
Serum Prothrombin Conversion Accelerator; Proconvertin; Stable Factor
129
Factor VIII
Antihemophilic Factor; Antihemophilic Globulin; Antihemophilic Factor A
130
Factor IX
Plasma Thromboplastin Component; Christmas Factor; Antihemophilic Factor B
131
Factor X
Stuart Factor, Stuart-Prower Factor
132
Factor XI
Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent; Antihemophilic Factor C
133
Factor XII
Hageman Factor
134
Factor XIII
Fibrin-stabilizing Factor
135
Prekallikrein
Fletcher Factor
136
HMW Kininogen
Fitzgerald Factor; HMWK
137
Formation of Fibrous Tissue or Dissolution clot
Resolution (4th Step)
138
Converts Plasminogen/Profibrinolysin to Plasmin/Fibrinolysin
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA)
